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The New Monarchs
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Objectives: You will be able to identify how the New Monarchs embodied the ideas of Roman leaders In what ways did Ferdinand and Isabella united Spain?
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The New Monarchs were not the first kings, of course.
But these new monarchs—who lived around the same time—offered their countries a guarantee of law and order
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The New Monarch made use of Roman law
They incorporated the will and welfare of the people They enlisted the support of the merchants and middle class They went a long ways in establishing European Nation-States
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The New Monarchs came into power after a previous period of instability and warfare
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The Inventions of Gunpowder , the pike and longbow made it possible for Kings to be less dependent on Knights on horseback
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Now, Kings could hire mercenaries to supplement their armies
Now, Kings could hire mercenaries to supplement their armies. They did not have to give concessions to the powerful nobles.
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After the Hundred Years War, England was troubled by the War of the Roses 1455-1487
The War was over different families wanting to take the throne One was the House of Lancaster, and the other York. Both had legitimate claims to the throne
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The Red Rose was for Lancaster, and the White was for York
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Henry VII finally gained power
Henry VII finally gained power. He married Elizabeth of York, and the houses were united
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Henry passed laws prohibiting nobles from having their own armies
He created the Star Chamber to settle disputes—but he was the ultimate authority
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Over time, the Star Chamber became a symbol of absolute authority
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Henry VII always felt uneasy about his claim to the throne
His son, Henry VIII, knew that it was necessary that he, too, have a son to prevent civil war
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This is why his son, Henry VIII, would end up with six wives, in his effort to gain a son—something we will learn about shortly
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In France, there was Louis XI “The Spider”
He was called “The Spider” for his manipulative ways With force, cunning, and diplomacy, he brought order to France
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He subdued the nobles and made their territories part of France
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When Cardinal Balue defied Louis, he was sentenced to live in a cage
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Ferdinand and Isabella
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Ferdinand of Aragon married Isabella of Castile in 1469
Ferdinand of Aragon married Isabella of Castile in Now there would be a united kingdom of Spain They toured their regions and promoted the unity of the Catholic Church in Spain
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They completed the Reconquista, or conquering of the Moors
The Moors, Spanish Muslims, were expelled from Spain
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They provided financial support for Columbus’ voyage in 1492
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They also expelled the Jews in 1492
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Their goal was to create a “Pure Catholic” Spain
A Spain without Jews or Muslims
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The Spanish Inquisition begins
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There will be other inquisitions.
The term inquisition will come to mean the Catholic Church’s “clamping” down on a certain religious group, a country, or an individual
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Spain was the land of the crusade
Crusade against Protestants Crusade against Jews Crusade against Muslims Crusade again South American Indians
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The National character of Spain and the Catholic church become one
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All these crusades gave Spain a common cause, but also a reputation as being closed off, forbidding, and backward
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Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
He lived after the time of the New Monarchs—but he represents a new monarch in the area of Germany and Eastern Europe
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Ferdinand and Isabella were his maternal grandparents
Charles V’s mother was “Crazy Juana,” who kept her husband’s body with her for years after he died
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He inherited lands from all his grandparents
Such was his influence, that we will refer to him throughout this course as simply “The Emperor”
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The Emperor
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He was a Hapsburg because that was his paternal Grandfather’s name
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Years of Genetic inbreeding produced a misshapen jaw that would be known as the Hapsburg Jaw
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Charles V faced many threats in his lifetime
The Hungary was invaded by the Turks, and faced defeat at the battle of Mohacs in 1526
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Charles also faced the emerging Protestant Reformation
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He tried in vain for 35 years to preserve the unity of his Hapsburg lands
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He retired to a monastery and died, after dividing his Kingdom between his son and brother
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