1. Movement Across Cell Membranes

2. Selectively Permeable Membrane

3. Types of Movement Passive Transport Active Transport Simple Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis
Active Transport

4. Diffusion
The tendency of particles to move from an area of [high] to an area of [lower].

5. Diffusion Occurs via passive transport.
Energy is not required.
Particles move along [gradient].
Particles reach a dynamic equilibrium.

6. Simple Diffusion Diffusion of molecules across the membrane:
Small, lipid-soluble molecules.
Oxygen.
Carbon dioxide.

7. Facilitated Diffusion
Channel proteins form pores that allow specific ions to pass.
Channel proteins form permanent pores. They can have specific diameters and charges that allow only particular ions to pass through.

8. Facilitated Diffusion
Carrier proteins allow specific molecules to pass based on size, shape and charge.
e.g., Amino acids, sugars and small proteins.

9. Osmosis
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
From an area of high [water] to an area of lower [water].

10. Types of Solutions
One solution is always compared to the other solution.
The solution that loses water is hypotonic.
The solution that gains water is hypertonic.
The solutions are isotonic when there is no net movement of water.
e.g., If a cell shrinks…
The inside is hypotonic relative to the outside.
The outside is hypertonic relative to the inside.

11. Types of Solutions

12. Active Transport Energy is required.
Particles move against [gradient].
Movement requires specific carrier proteins.

13. Endocytosis

14. Exocytosis

15. HW
Pg 86 #1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 10
Pg 97 # 1, 2, 4, 9

16. TREATING CANCEROUS CELLS HIV/AIDS HEPATITIS C

17. What is cancer?

18. Cancer Cancer is uncontrolled cell growth7
Damage or change of genetic material of cells by external or internal factors7
Cells do not die but continue to multiple until a concentration of cancer cells develop7

19. Treating Cancerous Cells
Four standard treatments: surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and biologic therapy6
Oncologist (cancer specialist) will recommend best treatment based general health, age, severity, type of cancer, etc…

20. Surgery: remove tumour or cancerous tissue6
Chemotherapy: usage of drugs to eliminate rapidly multiplying cells throughout the entire body (including hair follicle cells)6
Radiation Therapy: Certain forms of energy used to shrink tumours and eliminate cancer cells by damaging cancer cells DNA, withholding it from multiplying6
Biologic Therapy: Drugs use to target cancer cells. Varied methods include blocking biological processes of tumours that allow tumours to grow or cut off blood supply to the tumour killing it by means of starvation6

21. What is HIV/AIDS?

22. HIV & AIDS HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)
HIV virus’ usually zeros in on “T” cells (the brains behind specialized cells that fight off invading germs)8
Virus uses newly obtained cells to multiply
HIV has four stages4
Weakens immune system
Eventually leads to and causes AIDS

23. Treating HIV/AIDS No cure2
Most common treatment known as antiretroviral treatment5
Drug taken daily to hold off HIV at a low level4
Stops weakening of immune system
Allows body to recover from any damage HIV may have caused
Prolongs life from illness

24. Treating HIV/AIDS Combination therapy
Taking two or more antiretroviral pills
Reduces rate at which HIV can become resistant8
Further prolongs life from illness

25. What is Hepatitis C?

26. Hepatitis C Single strand of RNA virus enclosed in a fatty cell9
Affects the liver
6 types of hepatitis C (genotype 1, genotype 2, etc...)
Estimated 242,500 people are infected with the virus1

27. Contracting Hep - C Through blood-to-blood contact3
Sharing shaving kits, needles3
Contaminated ice cubes
Sexual intercourse3
Vertical transmission (born with it)9
Breastfeeding3

28. Hep – C: what it does Destroy liver1 Liver Cancer, or cirrhosis1
Enzymes will not be as effective in their jobs
Slow chemical reactions which occur in the liver

29. Treatment of Hep-C No cure – go into recession
Medication (injections and pill)
Interferon Alpha - injection
Ribavirin - pill
24 or 48 weeks
Kills RNA virus, once virus is destroyed, cells repair1
Never fully cured, more medication

30. Non-Medical Treatment
Dealing with depression
Drinking

31. Liver Enzymes
“ aspartate aminotransferase (AST or SGOT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT or SGPT). Together they are known as transaminases. Alkaline phosphatase (AP) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) – are known as cholestatic liver enzymes.”
"Liver Enzymes." Liver Enzymes. Web. 09 Sept <