1. Cultural Revolution 1966-67 “Mass Mobilization”
The Fifty Days June-July 1966
Big Character Posters (大字报)
Formation of Red Guards (红卫兵)

2. Big Character Posters大字报

3. Big Character Posters大字报

4. The Fifty Days June-July 1966 Red Guards vs. Party Work Teams
Uncertainty about Mao’s intent
Party Work Teams on Campuses
Political and Personal Attacks
Liu Shaoqi used work teams to exert control
Despite purge of Peng Zhen, failed to understand scope of Cultural Revolution

5. Big Character Posters (大字报)
College Campuses
Tsinghua University (清华大学), 65,000 posters
Target: “Counterrevolutionary Black Gang”
Teachers, responsible for “bourgeois” or “revisionist” curricula
Direction of Cultural Revolution unknown

6. Liu Shaoqi, Eight-point Guidelines
Big-character posters should be put up only inside schools
Meetings should not hinder work or studies
There should be no street demonstrations
Foreign students should not participate in the movement
Targets should not be struggled against in their homes
Attention had to be paid to security concerns
People should not be hit or roughed up
Active leadership was necessary to ensure that the struggle stayed on the right track

7. Mao Takes a Dip in the Yangzi

8. Mao Returns to Beijing, July 18th
Resides at Diaoyutai (钓鱼台国宾馆)
Recall Work Teams July 24th
Condemned “Fifty Days”
Remove Liu Shaoqi from position in Cultural Revolution
Central Committee Plenum August 1
“To Rebel is Justified”

9. Tiananmen August 1966

10. August to January, 1966-67 “To Rebel is Justified”
“Bombard the Headquarters”
“Bourgeoisie Reactionary line” October, 1966
Seizing power
Revolutionary Committees January 1967
Revolutionary masses
Local military
Revolutionary former leading cadres

11. Initial Goals Cultural Revolution
Mao’s goal to create disorder
Carte blanche to Student Radicals
Attack Four “Olds” (四旧)
Culture, customs, habits, ideas
Destruction of National Treasures
Beijing: “places of cultural or historical interest” destroyed (6,843 total)

12. Smash the Old World Create the New World

13. Main Target
“Those within the Party who are in authority and are taking the capitalist road”
Initial Shake-up in top leadership
Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping
Issue self-criticisms
CCP “sense of impending doom”
“Central Cultural Revolution Group” CCRG
New power base at the center

14. Wang Guangmei

15. Luo Ruiqing

16. Struggle Sessions

17. Struggle Sessions

18. Struggle Session

19. Targets of Cultural Revolution
Peng Dehuai

20. Seizing Power Unleash Masses
Red Guard Rallies
Allow Workers to form Red Guards
Spread CR to Villages
Attack the Party
Party First Secretaries suicides, 1967
Shanxi, Tianjin, Yunnan
Liu Shaoqi attacked in Zhongnanhai (中南海) January 1967

21. Restoring Order, Spring 1967
Zhou Enlai with permission from Mao Zedong
Students and Teachers stop marching, infectious diseases
Return to classes
Red Guards forbidden:
punish party members, return confiscated property
Off Limits:
National security, organs of Central Committee, Public security, finance, foreign affairs, planning, scientific commissions, national media
Workers and students return to “Third Front” projects

22. “Shanghai Commune” January 1967
Attack on Government Institutions
Shanghai “January Storm”
Factional Fighting among Rebels
Revolutionary Committee of Shanghai Municipality, February, 1967

23. Revolutionary Committees Three in One Formula
Revolutionary masses
Local military
Revolutionary former leading cadres

24. Role of PLA
“PLA’s behavior … most powerful factor in shaping the further course of the Cultural Revolution”
Maintain Security, semblance of law and order
Participate in Early Power Seizures
Mao’s order: “When genuine proletarian Leftists ask the army for help, the army should send troops to actively support them.”

25. Role of PLA, January 1967 “Three supports and the Two Militaries”
the left, peasants, workers to carry out military training and control
Two Militaries
Training: drill and military exercises in schools
Being on premises and enforcing order
Control: putting ministry, province or area under military rule

26. Role of PLA, April 1967 MAC Reaction to PLA treatment of “Rebels”
Do not fire on members of mass organizations
No arbitrary arrests
Not declare mass organizations reactionary
Opposition to PLA not criterion for politics
Rectify any errors immediately
CCRG restrain law-and-order commanders

27. February Countercurrent, 1967
Last Stand of Old Guard against CCRG
Mao angry at challenge similar to Lushan, 1959
Wuhan Incident July, 1967
Near Civil War

28. May 16 Conspiracy Burning of British Embassy, July 1967
Ambiguous threats from left or right
Pretext for attacking leftists, “backstage bosses”
Zhou Enlai vs. Left
Purge leftist in CCRG
Placate military

29. Restoring Order May 7th Cadre Schools Resume Classes
Send party members, government, intellectuals to learn from peasants
Resume Classes
Disband Red Guards July, 1967
“Sent down youth”
Become ordinary peasants or ordinary workers
,470,000 rusticated youth