1. Summer School – Day 9 Chapter 11, Section 1
World War I
Summer School – Day 9
Chapter 11, Section 1

2. Causes of World War I Nationalism Imperialism Militarism
Alliance System

3. Nationalism
Nationalism – devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation.
Atmosphere of competition
Ethnic groups resented domination by others and wanted independence
Russians look out for Slavs
Serbia was a Slavic nation under control of Austria-Hungary.
Russia and Austria-Hungary were rivals.

4. Imperialism European nations build empires
Colonies provided raw materials and new markets
France and Britain competed with Germany for colonial powers.

5. Militarism
Militarism – building of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy
Germany’s building of navy power pushed Britain, France, Italy, and the US to build up their powers.

6. Alliance System
By 1907 there were two major defense alliances in Europe
Triple Entente (Allies)
France, Britain, Russia
Triple Alliance
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
Triple Alliance + Ottoman Empire becomes Central Powers

7. European Alliances

8. Re-Cap – Causes of War
Nationalism – people are devoted to their nation’s culture
Imperialism – European countries are competing for world influence
Militarism – Developing strong military forces and using them.
Alliance System – Countries are promising to stand by one another in conflict.

9. Assassination leads to War
June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to Austrian throne, was assassinated in Sarajevo, Bosnia.
Shot by Gavrilo Princip, member of the Black Hand
Black Hand – Serbian nationalist organization pushing for Serbian independence.

11. Alliance System in Action
Russia supports Serbian nationalists (Slavs)
Aug 1 - Germany (ally of Austria-Hungary) declares war on Russia
Aug 3 – Germany declares war on France (Russia’s ally) and invades Belgium, France
Britain (France’s ally) declares war on Germany and Austria-Hungary

13. Fighting Starts
Shlieffen Plan – German plan to defeat France first, then defeat Russia.
August 3, 1914 Germany invaded Belgium and started push towards Paris, France.
Allies hold off Germans around the Marne River in France.

15. Trench Warfare 3 Types of Trenches
Front Line, Support, Reserve
Dugouts – underground rooms used as command posts
“No man’s land” – barbed wire, barren expanse between the enemy lines.
Trench warfare was a strategy for three years.

16. Trenches

18. American Neutrality William Jennings Bryan called the war evil
Said U.S. should set example of peace in the world.

19. American Neutrality Immigrant’s sympathies
Many immigrants sympathized with nations they had emigrated from
German and Irish immigrants sympathized with the Central Powers
Many Americans sympathized with the British and French

20. American Neutrality
America’s economic ties were stronger with the Allies.
During war, Allies made huge orders with American manufacturers, sparking an economic boom.

21. Pg 377

22. War Hits Home U.S. begins to support joining war:
Ensure Allies can repay debts
Prevent Germans from threatening US shipping.
Britain naval blockade of Germany
Caused famine in Germany

23. Lusitania Germany develops U-Boat (Submarine) May 7, 1915
U-boat sinks the Lusitania near Ireland
128 Americans onboard were killed
Germans said the passenger boat was carrying ammunition
Americans are outraged
Pres. Wilson refuses military response

24. Germany pushes the U.S. August 1915, U-boat sinks Arabic
Two Americans drown
Germany promises not to sink passenger ships.
March 1916
U-boat sinks Sussex (French boat) killing 80, including Americans

25. German Provocation Germans announce unrestricted submarine warfare
Zimmermann Note
Germans promised to support Mexico if war broke out.
U-boats sink 4 unarmed American merchant ships.

26. The last straw
Russian Monarchy replaced with representative government.
Now the war was a war of democracy.

27. April 2, 1917, light drizzle on Washington, DC as senators, representatives, ambassadors, and the Supreme Court crowds into the capitol building to hear President Wilson deliver his war resolution.

29. US Declares War
April, 1917 – Congress passes war resolution

30. American Power Tips the Balance
Chapter 11
Section 2

31. America Mobilizes Only 200,000 men in the military
May Selective Service Act
Required men to register with government
Randomly selected for military service
3 million were drafted into the army.

32. Mass Production Government exempted shipyard workers from the draft
Public service campaign for shipyard workers
Fabrication method used to build ships
Government took over private ships and converted them to warships.

33. America Turns the Tide
Convoy System – heavy guard of destroyer ships escorted merchant ships across the Atlantic in groups.

34. American Enthusiasm
After 2 ½ years of fighting, allied forces were tired and demoralized
American forces added fresh enthusiasm to the war effort

35. American Enthusiasm “Over There” by George Cohan
Cohan was formally recognized by Congress with the award of the U.S. Congressional Medal of Honor.

36. Fighting “Over There” General John J. Pershing
Leader of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF)
American infantrymen called doughboys
Doughboys shocked by horrors of battle and new weapons of modern warfare.

37. New Weapons
Introduction of Mechanized Warfare
Tank
Airplane

38. New Hazards of War Filth, lice, rats, polluted water Dysentery
Poison gas and stench of decaying bodies
Lack of sleep
“Shell Shock” – emotional collapse of soldiers
Trench foot – caused from wearing wet socks for long periods of time.

39. Pg 386

40. Collapse of Germany
Nov 3, 1918 – Austria-Hungary surrendered to Allies
German sailors mutiny against government authority
Nov 9 – socialist leaders establish new German republic
11/11/18 – Germany signed armistice (TRUCE) ended war.