1. Sensation: your window to the world

2. Transduction Transforming signals into neural impulses.
Information goes from the senses to the thalamus , then to the various areas in the brain.

3. Sensory Adaptation
Decreased responsiveness to stimuli due to constant stimulation.
Do you feel your socks all day?

4. Cocktail-party phenomenon
The cocktail party effect describes the ability to focus one's listening attention on a single talker among a mixture of conversations and background noises, ignoring other conversations.
Form of selective attention.

5. Vision
Our most dominating sense.

6. Phase One: Gathering Light
The height of a wave gives us it’s intensity (brightness).
The length of the wave gives us it’s hue (color).
The longer the wave the more red.
The shorter the wavelength the more violet.

7. Phase Two: Getting the light in the eye

8. Phase Three: Transduction

9. Transduction Continued
Order is Rods/Cones to Bipolar to Ganglion to Optic Nerve.
Sends info to thalamus- area called lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN).
Then sent to cerebral cortexes.
Where the optic nerves cross is called the optic chiasm.

10. Phase Four: In the Brain
Goes to the Visual Cortex located in the Occipital Lobe of the Cerebral Cortex.
We have specific cells that see the lines, motion, curves and other features of this turkey. These cells are called feature detectors.

11. Color Vision
Two Major Theories

12. Trichromatic Theory Three types of cones: Red Blue Green
These three types of cones can make millions of combinations of colors.
Does not explain afterimages or color blindness well.

13. Opponent-Process theory
The sensory receptors come in pairs.
Red/Green
Yellow/Blue
Black/WhiteWhite
If one color is stimulated, the other is inhibited.

14. Afterimages

15. Hearing
Our auditory sense

16. We hear sound WAVES
The height of the wave gives us the amplitude of the sound.
The frequency of the wave gives us the pitch of the sound.

17. The Ear

18. Transduction in the ear
Sound waves hit the eardrum then anvil then hammer then stirrup then oval window.
Everything is just vibrating.
Then the cochlea vibrates.
The cochlea is lined with mucus called basilar membrane.
In basilar membrane there are hair cells.
When hair cells vibrate they turn vibrations into neural impulses which are called organ of Corti.
Sent then to thalamus up auditory nerve.
It is all about the vibrations!!!

19. Place Theory and Frequency Theory
Pitch Theories
Place Theory and Frequency Theory

20. Place Theory
Different hairs vibrate in the cochlea when they different pitches.
So some hairs vibrate when they hear high and other vibrate when they hear low pitches.

21. Frequency Theory
All the hairs vibrate but at different speeds.

22. Nerve (sensorineural) Deafness
Conduction Deafness
The hair cells in the cochlea get damaged.
Loud noises can cause this type of deafness.
NO WAY to replace the hairs.
Cochlea implant is possible.
Something goes wrong with the sound and the vibration on the way to the cochlea.
You can replace the bones or get a hearing aid to help.

23. Touch Receptors located in our skin. Gate Control Theory of Pain-
GCTOP-theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain
“gate” opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers
“gate” closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain

24. Taste We have bumps on our tongue called papillae.
Taste buds are located on the papillae (they are actually all over the mouth).
Sweet, salty, sour and bitter.

25. Vestibular Sense Tells us where our body is oriented in space.
Our sense of balance.
Located in our semicircular canals in our ears.

26. Kinesthetic Sense Tells us where our body parts are.
Receptors located in our muscles and joints.