1. Reform movements Prisons & Asylums education Need we say More?
temperance

2. School Reform Explain the problem education reformers faced
Schools were not supported by taxes
Children were not required to attend
Industrialization (north)  a lower literacy rate, inc poverty, inc crime
Plantation owners (south) considered education a protected privilege of the elite
Who were the reformers
Horace Mann
What did the reformers propose as a solution
Normal Schools = state sponsored public schools
Attend a minimum 6 months
Teach manners to lessen crime
Teach literacy to lessen poverty
Parents and Churches were responsible for education. As industrialization increased, parents were absent and Church attendance decreased.
Increased voter turnout (Andrew Jackson) inc need for an educated public
Other reformers = Catherine Beecher, Emma Willard, Elizabeth Blackwell
Horace Mann believed democracy required “literate, informed, and moral citizens” – Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education – fought for better school houses, longer school terms, higher pay for teachers, and an expanded curriculum
Noah Webster “School Master of the Republic” – wrote textbooks that promoted patriotism… took 20 years to write his dictionary (1828) that standardized the American language
William H McGuffey – school teacher wrote grade school readers (McGuffey Reader) – lessons on morality, patriotism, idealism… and ANTI-CATHOLIC

3. School Reform
Horace mann

4. Prison Reform Explain the problem prison reformers faced
First time offenders, hardened criminals, men, women, sane, and insane were placed in the same facilities
Did not address the causes of crime
Conditions were inhumane
Who were the reformers
Dorothea Dix
What did the reformers propose as a solution
Separate facilities for sane and insane
Penitentiary System for sane - confined to silence to reflect on their sins
Mental Hospitals for insane - treatment
prison = place for confinement before punishment (death, whipping, mutilation, stocks, branding)
Dorothea Dix leads investigation: insane confined “in cages, closets, cellars, stalls, and pens! Chained, naked, beaten with rods, and lashed into obedience!”

5. Eastern state penitentiary
Prison Reform
Dorothea Dix
Eastern state penitentiary

6. Temperance Explain the problem temperance reformers faced
Alcohol  crime and poverty
Alcohol  domestic abuse and child neglect
Alcohol  dangerous working conditions
II. Who were the reformers
Women’s Christian Temperance Union
American Temperance Society
III. What did the reformers propose as a solution
Prohibition – want to make alcohol illegal
Temperance – want to promote moderation
Many associated alcoholism with immigrants/Catholics… anti alcohol policies targeted
Believed it caused all ills of society: cholera, epilepsy, other medical problems
Neal S Dow – Mayor of Portland, Maine: Est Maine law – prohibited the sale and manufacture of intoxicating liquors. Later ran for president under the Prohibition Party
Washington Temperance Society – public confessions, discussions, and counseling to limit alcoholism
Temperance leaders encouraged many to join the “cold water army” – moderation was more important that prohibition

7. Temperance