1. Stress
Poultry

2. Type of stress Climatic ( Extreme heat and cold, High humidity)
Environmental (Poor brooding conditions by bright/low light, noise, wet litter, inadequate ventilation, high air speed, deterioration of the air quality (high levels of CO/CO2, NH3); type of housing (cages, free range))
Nutritional (Dramatic diet composition change, variation in nutrient content, long or uneven feed distribution, sex separate feeding, starvation, poor pellet/dusty feed, dehydration, ant-nutritional factors (glucans, xylans, galactomannans, tannins, gizzerosine, putrescene etc), fat oxidation, fungal/microbial toxins, toxic/untasty medications)

3. Type of stresS
Physiological (Rapid growth/strict nutrients demand, sexual maturity and onset of egg production/ drastic stimulation with feed and light, start of mating)
Physical ( Pain , damage from catching, immobilization, weighing, grading, debeaking, vaccination, transport)
Social ( High stocking density, limited feeding/drinking space, as-hatched growing, poor uniformity, pecking order)
Psychological (By fear, poor husbandry/harsh caretakers)
Pathological (Contaminated premises by built-up litter, early exposure to various infectious agents, clinical/sub-clinical infections , due to poor bio-security and sanitation, vaccination/excessive activation of the immune system resulting in an immunological stress, post-vaccinal reactions (reduced feed intake/fever)

4. Physiological response to stress
Stressor will stimulate hypothalamus
CRH
CRH will stimulate anterior pituitary gland
ACRH
ACRH will stimulate adrenal cortex
Corticosterone

5. Side effect of corticsterone
Affects chicken metabolism:
Increase fat deposition in the abdomen and liver and between muscles
Muscular degradation and protein breakdown
Decrease protein synthesis
So stress will lead to
Abdominal fat : increase incidence of uterine prolapse
Fatty liver : impairment the liver function ( immune and metabolic function)
Decrease semen production
Decrease egg production
Decrease hatchability : bad quality embryo and bad egg shell quality

6. Effect on mucosal cells of intestinal cells
DUE TO PROTEIN DEGRADATION ,THIS WILL DECREASE MUCUS SECRETION (1ST LINE OF DEFFENCE AGAINST PATHOGENIC M.O)
DECREASE THE VILLUS HIGHT : DECREASE DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS
IMPAIRMENT OF GUT OSMOREGULATION :DAMAGE OF GUT CELLS ,GUT ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE , CAUSE INTESTINAL LESIONS
SO STRESS WILL LEAD TO:
LOWER DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENT
LOWER THE ACTIVITY OF INTESTINAL CELLS AND INTESTINAL MICROFLORA
LOWER THE GUT IMMUNITY

7. stress will suppress anti-diuretic hormones so will cause diarrhea
Effect on immunity
Corticosteroids is a destructive hormone for essential immune organs
As : *bursa and * thymus
So this will reduce the efficiency of immune system in poultry and make them more susceptible to pathogenic M.o
stress will suppress anti-diuretic hormones so will cause diarrhea

8. Stress will impair the releasing of thyroid hormone So will lead to growth retardation
ACTH released from hypothalamus will impairment the action of gnRH.and ALSO AFFECT STRF SO IT LEAD TO IMPAIRMENT OR DELAYED GROWTH AN SEXUAL MATURATION

9. stress Utrine prolapse Destruction of intestinal enterocytes ,GALT
Increase abd. fat
Destruction of intestinal enterocytes ,GALT
Damage of thymus and bursa
Decrease meat production
Intestinal pathogenesis
,lower digestion and absorption
Utrine prolapse
Fatty liver
Impairment of GnRH &STRF
Decrese secretion of anti-diuretic hormon
Decrease feed intake
Impairment of immunity
Affect
Eggshell quality
Amino acids production
Protein synthesis
Lower egg production
Inhibit growth
Inhibit fertility
Inhibit semen production
Stop egg production
Diarrhea
Wet litter
Increase incidence of coccidiosis
dehydration

10. Betaine d.w Anti stress Methyl donor OsmoreguIatory function
Improve blood flow
improve amino acids production
Enhance lipolysis
Improve the osmolarity of enterocytes and gut microflora
Increase lean meat production in broiler
Enhance the functionality of all body organs
Enhance the activity of bursa and thymus
Improve fertility and semen production in breeders
Lower fat deposited in abdomen
And lower incidence of Uterine prolapse
Prevent Diarrhea
Prevent fatty liver and so improve all liver function
( immunity, digestion ,detoxification….)
Improve digestion improve absorption
Improve gut immune system
Improve egg production in layer

11. Betaine d.w and lipolysis
Betaine is an important methyl donor which involved in methionine production
Methionine
Improve the production of L-CARNITINE
Which is responsible for transporting of Long chain fatty acids to mitochondria for Beta-oxidation process
DECREASE FAT DEPOSITION IN ABDOMEN AND BETWEEN MUSCLES
Increase the activity of Hormone Sensitive Lipase(HSL) in adipose tissue ,
And decrease the activity of Fatty Acids Synthases (FAS) in liver , and
Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL) in blood or adipose tissue
PREVENT FATTY LIVER
IMPROVE LIVER FUNCTION
Amino acid pool

12. BETAINE is known to be Nitric Oxide modulator Nitric Oxide inhibits the action of corticosterone So BETAINE inhibits Corticosterone action

13. WITH BEST WISHES
MULTI MEDICA