1. 3. INTRODUCTION TO GROWTH ECONOMICS
GROWTH ECONOMICS and Fund-raising in international cooperation SECS-P01, CFU 9 Growth Economics academic year
3. INTRODUCTION TO GROWTH ECONOMICS
Roberto Pasca di Magliano
Fondazione Roma Sapienza-Cooperazione Internazionale

2. Differences between Development and Growth
newly-born backward countries after World War II
development is a four-leg chair where institutional, social, civil and economic aspects are stabilised
interdisciplinary studies
Growth:
dominance of the economy over the behavior of institutions and individuals
Main aspects to be explained:
explaining why growth is concentrated in a few countries, while many others are still waiting along the road
explaining how some developing countries are redeemed and crowding the group of the emerging countries
Explaining the dynamics that move the transition countries
Roberto Pasca di Magliano

3. Changes in the world GDP

4. The free market and its consequences
The consequence of the free market hypothesis is all too obvious: the market works well only if it is left free (hence the famous expression “laissez faire”)
Therefore, the market, not only does not need any help, but if anything, just needs to be freed of obstacles and regulations that might prevent its action
It is interesting to note that in this last consideration, one can find an argument that is often made in favour of the market, even nowadays:
The market must be left free, it must not be caged but it needs effective public policies and a good governance rules
Roberto Pasca di Magliano

5. The role of the State in the economy
The founder of the theory of the role of the State in the market is John Maynard Keynes as it has been analised in “General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money” 1936
The innovative idea is that the role of the State is fundamental. Indeed, the market can, according to Keynes, produce results that are not optimal, and the State’s role is to help the market to work well and in a correct direction
The duty of the State is on the one hand to mitigate and control the economic cycles and on the other hand to bring the market to a better situation (especially in terms of unemployment, well-being) compared to the one that could make the market free to operate
Roberto Pasca di Magliano

6. Role of public policy
We know that in the short run economy is influenced by aggregate demand public economic policies. So, during recession the State have to push aggregate demand towards the productive capacity of the economy.
When the economic performance is influenced by factors erratically affecting production, employment, and inflation, Keynesian economists argue that private decisions sometimes could lead to inefficient macroeconomic outcomes which require active public policy responses in order to stabilize output over the business cycles. Main policies regard:
monetary policy actions by the Central bank 
fiscal and budget policy actions by the Government
Keynesian economics is then advocating a mixed economy system where the private sector continues to play an important role, even if they believe in an important role to be played by the State in recession periods.
Roberto Pasca di Magliano

7. The market in the face of crisis Origins of the financial crisis 2007/08
Since the 1980s, liberal pressures and the dissemination of new and revolutionary communication technologies –ICT- have produced an enormous expansion of the financial activities at the international level with respect to real economy (10 to 1, nowdays)
The new technological revolution generates the so-called market globalization by generating advantages (icome-gap reducing among countries) but in the same time increasing many social disadvanteges (Income inequalities within each country, poverty increase, uncontrolled migration flows, social disease, market uncertainty)
Advantages evidence: begining 90s, the the international trade is grown continuosly, numebers of the emerging countries are increasing as well as their Gdp, Volume of financial investment, mergers and aquisitions are growing progressively due to mutual funds, pension funds and soverign wealth funds
Disadvantages evidence: allocations prefered financial products (derivatives, etc.) other than real investment (that remain faible), inland poverty misallocation increased, underdevoped countries became even poorer
Roberto Pasca di Magliano

8. Financial Markets
The total value of financial activities is estimated at least 10 times thelevel of the real income
They move volumes of wealth built on the trade of derivatives and other financial products that are detached from economic activities, whereby every turbulence generates psychological repercussions not only on the stock markets but also on the loans to businesses
New financial allocation authorities are the investment banks and big investors who do not care about real economy
The concentration in the financial allocations causes growing concern for the small and medium enterprices in term of lack of investments
The perceptions of the market can be compared to an hypothetical scenarios of rising chain reactions in depressive direction
Roberto Pasca di Magliano

9. Reasons of the crisis started in 2007
The crisis originated at the end of the 2007 with the crash of the Lehman Brothers comany. It was the result of a guilty lack of governance, representative of the liberal culture that was lenient intimes when strong fianancial were facilitating economic activities and their growth (Federal Reserve Bank with Grennspan, both Republican and Democratic Governments in the Usa)
Investment banks, and not only, have taken advantages of this, thrusting on much higher leverage ratios than those of the commercial banks, eventually bringing about the creation of high-risk financial products
Expansive policies adopted by advanced countries after (in Italy too) obtain some positive results in stimulating Gdp and in reducing the rate of unemployment.
But in the same time, the advantages of globalization have exacerbated income inequality between the poor and less well-to-do and rich classes. This is the reason for the growing impoverishment, the onset of migratory flows, the protectionist and nationalistic reactions of the advanced countries and populations.
Roberto Pasca di Magliano

10. The actual crisis: EU response
Banking system approach:
Public participation in the capitals of banks in crisis, provided it goes to fuel the loan supplies (bailout System)
Private reforms and needs for stockholder to pay for that (bailin system)
Need of Government guarantee both on deposits and interbank loans
Lighten the regulatory capital requirements of Basel regulations
Promoting cooperation agreements with Sovereign Wealth Funds to increase real investments
Need to revise the tight discipline of the Maastricht Treaty to improve flexibility in the budgetary constraints even if within a sustainibility trend
Boost the demand, by reducing the tax burden on families, in order to send a strong signal to the recovery of purchasing power
Review the rules regulating the financial and stock markets in order to fight the speculative designs that preceed the speculation over the economic and patrimonial consistency of businesses
Lower the minimum requirement for the public purchasing offer in businesses to avoid hostile participations
Maintain the European Stability Mechanism (ESM) and other monetary policies to support inflation rate
Roberto Pasca di Magliano

11. Following lectures in details
from theories to models
Classical theories of development
The Keynesian growth model of Harrod-Domar
Neo-classical models of growth: Solow approach
Analysis of growth based on the production function
The new endogenous growth theory (NTC) and macrodeterminants of growth