1. Patterns of Evolution 1

2. Macroevolution/Microevolution
Macroevolution- One genus or family evolves into another….due to large scale changes that take place over long periods of time.
Microevolution- Small scale changes within a species to produce new varieties or species in a relatively short amount of time. 2

3. Macroevolution/Microevolution
Both involve changes in allele frequencies in gene pools
Both work through the same basic processes
The difference is largely one of approach and scale
Each offers different insights into the evolution process 3

4. Macroevolution/Microevolution
1. Large-scale changes in gene frequencies
2. Occurs over a longer (geological) time period
3. Occurs at or above the level of species in separated gene pools
4. Consists of extended
microevolution
Microevolution
1. Small-scale changes in gene frequencies
2. Occurs over a few generations
3. Occurs within a species or population in same gene pool
4. Refers to smaller
evolutionary changes 4

5. Macroevolution/Microevolution
5. Has not been
directly observed
6. Evidence based on
remnants of the past
7. More controversial
8. Example: Birds from reptiles
Microevolution
5. Observable
6. Evidence produced
by experimentation
7. Less controversial
8. Example: Bacterial
resistance to
antibiotics 5

6. Macroevolution/Microevolution6

7. Macroevolution/Microevolution
Dog Variability When bred for certain traits, dogs become different and distinctive. This is a common example of microevolution— changes in size, shape, and color—or minor genetic alterations.  It is not macroevolution: an upward, beneficial increase in complexity.  7

8. These are theories/models of evolution
Patterns of Macroevolution
These are theories/models of evolution
A. Mass Extinctions
B. Adaptive Radiation
C. Convergent Evolution
D. Coevolution
E. Gradualism
F. Punctuated Equilibrium 8

9. Mass Extinctions
Event in which many types of living things became extinct at the same time. 
Period in which huge numbers of species disappeared.
Whole ecosystems were wiped out
Left habitats/niches open
Resulted in burst of evolution of new species in new habitat
Disrupted energy flow throughout the biosphere and caused food webs to collapse 9

10. Mass Extinctions Possible causes Asteroids hitting earth
Volcanic eruptions
Continental drift
Sea levels changing
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11. Mass Extinctions Is an on-going process
sity/extinction/Images/Intro/timepath.gif&imgrefurl= e/biodiversity/extinction/Intro/OngoingProcess.html&h=733&w=403&sz=31&hl =en&start=10&um=1&tbnid=VQy3FtqtIxYaoM:&tbnh=141&tbnw=78&prev=/ima ges%3Fq%3Dmass%2Bextinctions%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3D en%26rls%3DGGLB,GGLB: ,GGLB:en%26sa%3DN 11

12. Adaptive Radiation
The evolution of an ancestral species, which was adapted to a particular way of life, into many diverse species, each adapted to a different habitat
Many new species diversify from a common ancestor .
The branching out of a population through variation.
The new species live in different ways than the original species did. 12

13. Adaptive Radiation http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=54911&rendTypeId=413

14. Adaptive Radiation
Specialization may subdivide a single niche into many new niches. For example, cichlid fishes have diversified in East African lakes into more than 600 species. This diversification may have been possible because different fish lineages evolved to take advantage of different foods (including insects, algae, mollusks, small fish, large fish, other fishes’ scales, and even other fishes’ eyes!). 14

15. Convergent Evolution
Opposite of divergent evolution (adaptive radiation)
Unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments, or ecological niches
Analogous structures are a result of this process 15

16. Convergent Evolution
Similar body shapes and structures have evolved in the North American cacti...and in the euphorbias in Southern Africa
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17. Coevolution The mutual evolutionary influence between two species
When two species evolve in response to changes in each other
They are closely connected to one another by ecological interactions (have a symbiotic relationship) including:
Predator/prey
Parasite/host
Plant/pollinator
Each party exerts selective pressures on the other, thereby affecting each others' evolution 17

18. Coevolution http://www.zo.utexas.edu/faculty/sjasper/images/30.18.jpg

19. Coevolution
Bumblebees and the flowers the they pollinate have co-evolved so that both have become dependent on each other for survival. 19

20. Coevolution
Praying Mantis simulates plant to protect itself from predators and eats pests that are attracted to and feed on the plant, so it protects the plant. 20

21. Coevolution Shrimp cleaning Titan triggerfish in Pacific Ocean 21