1. You don’t know what you’ve got ‘til it’s gone
Memory
You don’t know what you’ve got ‘til it’s gone

2. Retrieval Getting information out of long-term storage
Memories are stored in a network of related information
Retrieval cues
Priming
Context

3. Déjà vu
Sensation of reliving a previously experienced situation

4. State-dependent memory
Recall is aided by an emotional state that is similar to that experienced during encoding
Happy
Sad
Angry

5. Forgetting Inability to retrieve information Encoding failure
Can happen at any memory stage
Encoding failure
Information not encoded at any stage will be forgotten

6. Anterograde amnesia Inability to for NEW declarative memories
Failure of encoding
Due to hippocampal damage

7. Forgetting Storage decay Encoded, stored memories may be lost
Forgetting curve
Less durable memories are lost most easily

8. Retrograde amnesia Large-scale loss of previously stored memories
Due to brain injury
Time frame of loss varies
Often temporary

9. Retrieval failure Some memories are not readily retrieved from storage
“Tip of the tongue” phenomenon
Interference
Proactive interference
Retroactive interference
Revision

10. Memory is a constructive process
Schemas
New memories are fit into existing belief structures

11. Memory is a constructive process
Memory recall is not an exact replica of original events and information
Recall is a reconstructing of memory based on:
New experience, ideas, information
Alteration in the strength of some memories
Interaction with others
Filtering out information
Filling in missing pieces

12. Memory is a constructive process
Memory is influenced by faulty information
Misinformation effect
Loftus’s research on false memories
Imagination
We can create our own false memories

13. Memory is a constructive process
Source amnesia - inability to recall the context in which information was learned
Misattribution

14. Memory is a constructive process
Eyewitness recall - not as reliable as once thought!
Children’s recall
Adult recall

15. Memory is a constructive process
Final thought:
Memory is a reconstructive process
and confidence is NOT correlated with accuracy!