1. Chapter 27 Russia and Japan: Industrialization Outside the West

2. Introduction
Japan and Russia did not fit pattern of western domination
Both started industrialization
Both strengthened political/social systems
Both had imitated others
Both used state to make changes

3. Russia Before Reform
1812- Invasion of Napoleon created a new concern for defense.
At the Congress of Vienna, new tsar Alexander I sponsored the idea of the “Holy Alliance”.
This alliance included Russia, Prussia and Austria.
Many Russian intellectuals remained fascinated with Western progress.
Conservatives wanted isolation
Issue of serfdom
Intellectuals were fascinated by the West

4. Russia Before Reform
The Decembrist uprising inspired Tsar Nicholas I to become more conservative.
Russia avoided revolution’s of mid 1800’s because of political repression.
Russia intervened in 1849 to help Austria put down the nationalist revolution in Hungary.
Russia continued to expand into Poland and the Ottoman Empire, & Balkans.
Increased exports by increasing labor obligations of serfs
Russia also supported many nationalist movements.

6. Russia Before…Leading to Reform
Russia fell behind the West in technology and trade.
Instead of industrializing, landlords just squeezed the serfs for more and more labor.
Crimean War ( ) was fought on the Black Sea after Russia provoked conflict with the Ottoman Empire.
Britain and France helped the Ottoman Empire.
This convinced Alexander II to reform Russia, especially in militaristic terms.

7. Russia’s Reforms and Industrial Advance
Russia eradicated serfdom in 1861.
Aristocrats retained parts of the land, but freed serfs were given most of the land.
Serfs were tied to the lands until they could pay for it.
The tsar created local political councils called zemstvoes which regulated roads, schools and policies.
Zemstvoes took on local problems, but the tsar still retained national problems.

8. Russia’s Reforms and Industrial Advance
Literacy increased rapidly through state- sponsored basic education.
Women gained new positions in Russia.
The Trans-Siberian railroad, which connected Russia with the Pacific Ocean, when it was completed in the 1880’s.
Factories sprung up in Russian cities.
Sergei Witte, the minister of finance from , supervised economic modernization in Russia.

9. Reform in Review Based on Western standards/examples
Emancipation of the serfs
Serfs got land but had to pay
No political rights
Creates urban labor force
More political/social unrest
Local political councils (zemstvoes)
Military/education improvements
Status of women improves
Industrialization: railroads, factories

10. Protest and Revolution in Russia
Social protest still existed in Russia.
Business and professional people, as well as intelligentsia became active in demanding revolutionary change.
Many Russian radicals were anarchists, or people who sought to abolish all formal governments.
In the late 1870’s, Alexander II began pulling back his interest in reform.
Alexander II was assassinated in 1882.

11. Protest and Revolution in Russia
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, known as Vladimir Lenin, introduced innovations in Marxist theory to make it more appropriate for Russia.
Lenin’s ideas introduced a group of Russian Marxists called the Bolsheviks.
As cities grew, there was more working class unrest.
Russian workers became more radical than Western revolutionaries.

12. Protest and Revolution in Russia
Russia continued territorial expansion into the Middle East and in Manchuria.
Russo-Japanese War broke out in after Japan became concerned about Russian power extending into Korea.
Japan won and gained the opportunity to move into Korea.

13. Protest and Revolution in Russia
The Russian Revolution of 1905 was a wave of mass political unrest.
It included terrorism, worker strikes, peasant unrest and military mutinies.
Piotyr Stolypin, the interior minister, introduced the Stolypin reforms.
Peasants were granted greater freedom from redemption payments and could buy and sell land more freely.

14. The Revolution of 1905
Russia had decided it needed to expand to meet the Western imperialist powers
It had gained land from the Ottomans in the 1870s
Aided in the creation of Bosnia and Serbia – new Slavic nations.
Russia began to expand into the Middle-East and China – which worried Japan
Russo-Japanese War began in 1904 – Japanese victory
massive protests began in 1905
Duma created
Stolypin Reforms within the duma gave peasants more freedom
Did not last too long; Tsar Nicolas II progressively stripped the duma of power

15. Japan: Transformation Without Revolution
During the first half of the 19th century, the shogunate continued to combine a central bureaucracy with semi-feudal alliances.
The government ran into many financial problems.
Japan gradually became more secular.
Schools and academies expanded.
A minority group called the “Dutch Studies” emerged.
Commerce and manufacturing expanded.

16. Japan: Transformation Without Revolution
1853- American Matthew Perry arrived in Edo Bay and threatened bombardment if Americans weren’t allowed to trade.
1856- Japan opened two ports and other European nations gained similar ports.
The bureaucrats of the shogunate opened Japan to the outside world.
Civil war broke out in 1866 when samurais attacked foreigners.
1868- A reform group proclaimed Mutsuhito or “Meiji” the new emperor.

17. Japan: Transformation Without Revolution
The Meiji government abolished feudalism by replacing daimyos with prefects.
Samurai officers were sent abroad to study economic and political institutions.
Meiji ministers abolished the samurai class and a samurai uprising occurred in 1877.
The bureaucracy was reorganized, using a civil service exam system.
Japan modeled their government after Germany and set up the Diet, or a new parliament.
Parliament advised government but did not control it.

18. Industrial and Political Change in the Meiji State
Abolished the samurai and widen the tax burden
Samurai rebelled, but Japan had a new, secure military
House of Peers, reorganized the bureaucracy – open to those who passed a civil service exam
New parliament was called the Diet – new constitution gave emperor and Diet new powers
About 5 percent of men had the wealth needed to vote for positions in parliament

19. Japan: Transformation Without Revolution
The new government funded industrialization.
Japan established the Ministry of the Interior which supervised the economic policy.
Japan succeeded in organizing industrialization.
Japan still remained a resource-poor country.

20. Japan’s Industrial Revolution
Military became stronger with universal conscription and the creation of a modern navy with the help of Western advisors
Railroads were built and agriculture expanded with new methods
government controlled most of the economy - helped to regulate it and to control foreign investments
still depended on imports of Western equipment and raw materials (coal)
Needed large amounts of exports to pay for the imports – silk produced by poorly paid women who worked at home or in sweatshops and were often sold into service by farm families

21. Japan: Transformation Without Revolution
The Japanese government introduced a universal education system.
Education revealed distinct Japanese values.
Japan adopted many Western aspects like the calendar and the Metric system.
= In the Sino-Japanese War, Japan beat China for influence in Korea.
Japan also won the Russo-Japanese War of and Japan annexed Korea in 1910.

23. Japan: Transformation Without Revolution
Political parties in Japan’s parliament clashed with the emperor’s minsters over rights to determine policy.
Japanese leaders encouraged national loyalty and devotion to the emperor.
Overall, the way Japan industrialized, without real revolution, was unlike most nations in the world.

24. Social and Diplomatic Effects of Industrialization
Used Western calendar and metric system
Christianity did not spread, maintained an emphasis on Japanese values
Tried to keep women in the home – American women were too bossy
Began to imperialize because of their need for raw materials
Beat China for Korea in the Sino-Japanese War of
Beat Russia to make sure Russia did not expand further into Manchuria in
Annexed Korea in 1910

25. The Strain of Modernization
Poor living conditions in the cities
Tensions between older traditionalists and younger generations
Political parties in Parliament clashed with the emperor – Diet abolished and reelected several times
Political assassinations and attempts were common
Stressed nationalism and hierarchy
Repression of dissent and sweeping changes of the Meiji made sure that Japan missed the revolutionary pressure that hit other areas of the world after 1900
Success with Westernization in its own way was very unusual

26. Chapter 27 Discussion Questions
What events led to reform and revolution in Russia?
After the abolition of serfdom, what challenges still faced former serfs in Russia?
What is the significance of the Bolsheviks in Russia?
What was the significance of the Russian Revolution of 1905?
How was Japan’s isolation challenged by Western powers?
How was Japan able to industrialize without revolution?

27. It’s your turn…
All of these influences led to the 1905 revolutions EXCEPT
Businessmen and professional pressuring the government for political rights
Students agitating among the peasants
Anarchist assassinations and agitations among peasants and workers
Count Witte’s social and economic policies
The spread of Marxism and socialism among workers and intellectuals

28. It’s your turn…
Which of these statements is a FACT about the policies of the Meiji restoration?
Political power was centralized, and the Emperor’s authority was restored
Feudalism was retained, although it was limited
The samurai retained some of its rights and privileges
The samurai and educated Confucian elite staffed the state bureaucracy
The Diet obtained rights and powers similar to the British parliament

29. It’s your turn…
In Russia, the supporters of westernization and radical ideas were often
Nobles
The Russian Orthodox clergy
Peasants
Intellectuals and university-educated students
Ethnic minorities, especially the Jews, Catholics and Muslims