1. Conditioning and Learning
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Social Learning
Cognitive Learning

2. Law of Effect
Responses that produce satisfying effects become more likely
Responses that produce discomforting effects becomes less likely
Piano Stairs

3. Conditioning – association made between two events
4 types
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Social learning
Cognitive Learning

4. Classical Conditioning
Associations made between a natural stimulus and a learned stimulus

5. Stimulus – any change in an organism’s environment that causes an organism to react
Response – how the organism reacts to a stimulus and results in a change of behavior
Stimulus and response =
Cause and effect

6. Unconditioned stimulus
Automatically causes a response
Think senses that trigger responses smellhunger, feather on nosesneeze, pollen from grasssneeze

7. Unconditioned response
Automatic response to a particular unconditioned stimulus UCS

8. Conditioned stimulus
A previously neutral stimulus that has been associated with an UCS (video)

9. Conditioned response
A response to a stimulus brought about by learning

10. Extinction
The gradual loss of an association over time

11. Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning - results from the individual’s actions and the consequences they cause
Reinforcement - something that follows a response and strengthens the tendency to repeat that response
Primary reinforcement - something necessary for psychological or physical survival that is used as a reward
Secondary reinforcement - anything that comes to represent a primary reinforcer
Primary: food, water sleep, oxygen, praise, and sex
Secondary: money, nice cars, good grades

12. Operant Conditioning
Positive reinforcement - involves strengthening the tendency to repeat a response by following it with the addition of something pleasant
Negative reinforcement - involves strengthening a response by following it with removal of something unpleasant
Punishment - weakening a response by following it with unpleasant consequences

13. Conditioning Tools
Generalization - a behavior that spreads from one situation to a similar one
Ex. expectations, biases, racism, stereotypes
Discrimination learning - learning to tell the difference between one event or object and another, the reverse of gen.
Ex. individualizing, compare and contrast

14. Conditioning Tools
Shaping - gradually refining a response by successively reinforcing closer approximations of it
Ex. training animals to do elaborate tricks, short term goals
Chaining - reinforcing the connection between the parts of a sequence
Ex. dance, drills
Shaping the learning to erase the board
Chaining is how we taught zach to pick up the candy and to walk over to skylar, tying those two activities together is chaining

15. Schedules of Reinforcement
Schedules of reinforcement - different methods of reinforcing
1. Continuous reinforcement - reinforcement given each time a behavior occurs
2. Partial reinforcement schedule - reinforcement not given each time an act is performed
Fixed-Ratio Schedules
Variable-Ratio Schedules
Fixed-Interval Schedules
Variable-Interval Schedules
In general, ratio schedules consistently elicit higher response rates than interval schedules because of their predictability.
Variable schedules are categorically less-predictable so they tend to resist extinction and encourage continued behavior

16. Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed ratio schedule - reinforcement occurs after a desired act is performed a fixed number of times. Know when the reward is coming
Ex. commission, magazine sales
Variable ratio schedule - reinforcement occurs after a desired act is performed a specific but variable number of times. Don’t know when the reward is coming
Ex. slot machines, math homework checks, lottery tickets
-presses bar 3 times one time and 5 times another
-Food pellets to a rat after it presses bar 5 times

17. Fixed interval schedule - reinforcement occurs after a desired act is performed following a fixed amount of time. Know when the reward is coming.
Ex. hourly salary, detention/QST
Variable interval schedule - reinforcement occurs after desired act is performed following a variable amount of time. Don’t know when the reward is coming.
Ex. fishing, surprises

18. Skinner box

19. Social Learning Social learning - learning from the behavior of others
Observational learning - form of social learning in which the organism observes and imitates the behavior or others

20. Cognitive psychology and learning - E. C. Tolman
Cognitive approach (to learning) - study of learning that emphasizes abstract mental processes and previous knowledge
Latent learning - learning that is not obvious but goes on under the surface

21. Cognitive psychology and learning - E. C. Tolman
Cognitive approach (to learning) - study of learning that emphasizes abstract mental processes and previous knowledge
Latent learning - learning that is not obvious but goes on under the surface
Expectancies - beliefs about our ability to perform an action and to get the desired reward
Reinforcement value - the preference for certain types of reinforcement over other types

22. Cognitive psychology and learning - E. C. Tolman
Cognitive approach (to learning) - study of learning that emphasizes abstract mental processes and previous knowledge
Latent learning - learning that is not obvious but goes on under the surface (expressed when presented an incentive)
Expectancies - beliefs about our ability to perform an action and to get the desired reward
Reinforcement value - the preference for certain types of reinforcement over other types
Cognitive map - a mental image of where one is located in space
Strategies - methods for solving problems
Latent – carpool learning the route drive the route
-study skill in use
Cat or baby use litter box or toilet unless reward