1. DO NOW…
How would you define “intelligence?”

2. Intelligence
Chapter 11

3. What is intelligence?
A mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

4. Origins of Intelligence
Intelligence Test
a method of assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them to those of others, using numerical scores

5. Do now…
What is intelligence testing? How has it been used in the past?

6. History of Intelligence Tests
Francis Galton (Darwin’s cousin)
Eugenics

7. Origins of Intelligence
Mental Age (Simon and Binet)
a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet
chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance
child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8

8. Origins of Intelligence
Lewis Terman (Stanford University)
Stanford-Binet
the widely used American revision of Binet’s original intelligence test
cultural bias

9. Testing Founder’s Quotes
The borderline feeble-minded … (are) very common among the Spanish-Indian and Mexican families of the Southwest and also among Negroes. Their dullness seems to be racial… Children of this group should be segregated in special classes… They cannot master abstractions, but they can often be made efficient workers… There is no possibility at the present of convincing society that they should not be allowed to reproduce, although from a eugenic point of view they constitute a grave problem because of their unusually prolific breeding.
Lewis Terman, creator of the Stanford-Binet IQ Test

10. Origins of Intelligence
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
Stern
defined originally the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100
IQ = ma/ca x 100
on contemporary tests it is the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100
Reification
Regarding something abstract as a material thing

11. Assessing Intelligence
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
Most widely used intelligence test

12. Assessing Intelligence
Aptitude test
A test designed to predict a person’s future performance
Aptitude is the capacity to learn
Example: SAT
Achievement test
A test designed to assess what a person has learned
Example: AP Psychology Exam

13. Are There Multiple Intelligences?
Factor Analysis
statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test
used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one’s total score
General Intelligence (g)
factor that Spearman and others believed underlies specific mental abilities
measured by every task on an intelligence test

16. Are There Multiple Intelligences?
Social Intelligence
the know-how involved in comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfully
Emotional Intelligence
ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions
critical part of social intelligence

17. Mental age can be defined as
A method of estimating a child’s intellectual ability by comparing the child’s score in intelligence tests and his or her age
A method of estimating a child’s intellectual ability based on raw scores on intelligence tests
Comparing a child’s actual age with his or her computed age
Basing a child’s age level on his or her scores on a standardized test
Charting a child’s age based on the level of correct responses on an intelligence test

18. Aptitude and achievement tests are tests of mental abilities
Aptitude and achievement tests are tests of mental abilities. Aptitude tests are designed to ___, whereas achievement tests are designed to ___.
Predict ability to learn; reflect what has been learned
Assess adaptive behavior; identify level of intelligence
Uncover undeveloped skills; objectively evaluate adaptability
Measure performance; differentiate slow learners from all others
Check for Understanding

19. Factor analysis is a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test. Using this procedure, ____ identified ____.
Thurstone; eight clusters of primary mental abilities
Sternberg; independent clusters of social and emotional intelligence
Gardner; three aspects of intelligence – analytical, creative and practical
Spearman; one general intelligence factor
Check for Understanding

20. Do now…
Explain the controversial history of intelligence testing

21. Assessing Intelligence
Standardization
defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested “standardization group”
Normal Curve
the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes
most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes

22. The Normal Curve Number of scores 55 70 85 100 115 130 145
Ninety-five percent
of all people fall
within 30 points
of 100
Number of scores
Wechsler intelligence score
Sixty-eight percent
of people score
within 15 points
above or below 100

23. DO NOW…
Differentiate between identical twins and fraternal twins.

24. Getting Smarter? Intelligence test performance has been rising
Flynn Effect – 3 pts. per decade

25. Criteria for Assessing Intelligence
Reliability
the extent to which a test yields consistent results
assessed by consistency of scores on:
two halves of the test
alternate forms of the test
retesting the same individual
Validity
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is suppose to

26. The Dynamics of Intelligence
Mental Retardation
a condition of limited mental ability
indicated by intelligence scores below 70
produces difficulty in adapting to the demands of life
varies from mild to profound
Down Syndrome
retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in genetic make-up
Savant Syndrome
Condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an amazing specific skill

27. Genetic Influences Heritability
the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes
variability depends on range of populations and environments studied
Twin studies

28. Genetic Influences
Similarity of
intelligence
scores
(correlation)
Identical
twins
reared
together
apart
Fraternal
Siblings
Unrelated
individuals
The most genetically similar people have the most similar scores

29. Nurture Influences
Hunt and the Head Start Program

33. Check for Understanding…
Differentiate between validity and reliability.