1. Parts of Speech NOUN A noun is a person, place, thing, or idea
Common nouns name a general noun and begin with a lower case letter
Example: city
Proper Nouns name a specific noun and begin with an upper case letter
Example: Austin

2. POSSESSIVE NOUNS
Possessive Nouns show ownership.
Singular nouns are made possessive by adding an apostrophe and then an s. Example: Jennifer’s mind ran wild as she tried to picture the accident.

3. POSSESSIVE NOUNS
Plural possessives are formed by adding an apostrophe after the s. Add an apostrophe (‘) to the end of plural nouns that end in –s.
Example: The boys’ jackets were left in the lost and found.
Example: The lions’ den was
empty except for one lone cub.

4. PRONOUNS
A pronoun takes the place of a noun
1st Person: Personal Pronouns (I, me, my, we, mine)
2nd Person: You, Yours
3rd Person: His, her, they, himself, herself, themselves
It or itself can also be pronouns!

5. ARTICLES
Definite Article: the
Indefinite Articles: a and an
Definite Article: After the long day, the cup of tea tastes particularly good.
Indefinite Article: After a long day, a cup of tea tastes particularly good.

6. ADJECTIVES Adjectives answer which one, how many, and what kind?
Example: The countless letters of complaints went unanswered.
An adjective can also follow the word they modify.
Example: The technology is state-of-the-art.

7. ADJECTIVES
Modifies nouns
Example: I have a green pencil.
Modifies Pronouns
Example: They are happy
with the situation.
Example: The wooden sign rocked back and forth against the tireless wind.

8. PROPER ADJECTIVES
A proper noun used as an adjective.
Example: The American flag was lowered after the tragedy.
Example: German chocolate cake is very rich in flavor.

9. Parts of Speech VERBS A verb shows action or state of being.
Action Verbs show action.
Examples:
She loves writing in her journal.
James giggled constantly.
Shawna reached for her glass of iced water.

10. VERBS (continued) 2. Linking Verbs link two words together
VERBS (continued) 2. Linking Verbs link two words together.(Is, be, am, are, was, were, been, being, become) Example: The flower is pretty. flower = pretty

11. Linking Verbs do not express action.
They connect the subject of the verb to additional information about the subject.
Example: Keila is a shopaholic.
Ising isn’t something that Keila can do. Is connects the subject, Keila, to additional information about her.

12. LINKING VERBS
Example: During the afternoon, my cats are content to nap on the couch.
Areing isn’t something that cats can do. Are is connecting the subject, cats, to something said about them, that they enjoy sleeping on the furniture.

13. These verbs help an action or linking verb.
HELPING VERBS
These verbs help an action or linking verb.
Helping verb + main verb = verb phrases. The main verb is always the last verb in the phrase.
Example: I am writing this sentence.
Helping Verb Song
(To the tune of “Jingle Bells”)
Helping verbs, helping verbs,
There are 23
Am, is, are
Was and were,
Being, been, and be,
Have, has, had,
Do, does, did,
Shall, Should, when, and would
There are five more helping verbs:
May, might, must, can, could!

14. ADVERB
Answers how, when, where, to what extent?
Modifies verbs
Example: Our basset hound Bailey sleeps peacefully on the family sofa.
Example: The boy quickly walked through the halls.

15. ADVERBS
Adverbs also modify adjectives.
Example: The puppy is really cute.
Example: The young woman is really intelligent.
Example: The young man was extremely tall.

16. ADVERBS
Modifies other adverbs
Example: She snuck into the back very easily.
Example: The weather report is almost always right.
Example: I'd say people have responded not only exceptionally quickly but also quite satisfactorily.

17. PREPOSITION
A preposition is a word that shows position, direction, or introduces a prepositional phrase.
The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition.

18. A prepositional phrase will function as an adjective or an adverb.
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
A prepositional phrase will begin with a preposition and end with a noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause, the object of the preposition.
A prepositional phrase will function as an adjective or an adverb.

19. As an adjective, the prepositional phrase will answer the question Which one?
Look at this example:
The book on the bathroom floor is swollen from shower steam.
Which book? The one on the bathroom floor!

20. Prepositonal Phrases as Adjectives
Example: The sweet potatoes in the vegetable bin are green with mold.
Which sweet potatoes? The ones forgotten in the vegetable bin!

21. As an adverb, a prepositional phrase will answer questions such as How
As an adverb, a prepositional phrase will answer questions such as How? When? or Where?
Example: Before class, Josh begged his friends for a pencil.
When did Josh do his begging? Before class!
Example: Feeling brave, we tried the Barn Burner taco at Torchy’s.
Where did we eat the spicy taco? At Torchy’s!

22. CONJUNCTIONS
A conjunction is a word that connects other words or groups of words.
Example: Bob and Dan are friends.
The conjunction and connects two nouns.
Example: He will drive or fly.
The conjunction or connects two verbs.

23. CONJUNCTIONS
Coordinating conjunctions are conjunctions which connect two equal parts of a sentence.
Coordinating conjunctions are easy to remember if you think of the acronym “FANBOYS”.

24. These are COMMA CAUSERS when they START a sentence.
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
The essential ingredient in a complex sentence is the subordinate conjunction:
These are COMMA CAUSERS when they START a sentence.

25. The subordinate conjunction has two jobs
The subordinate conjunction has two jobs. First, it provides a necessary transition between the two ideas in the sentence. This transition will indicate a time, place, or cause and effect relationship.
EXAMPLE: As I walked through the school, my shoes squeaked loudly.
EXAMPLE: I feel really lazy today because I ate a big lunch.