1. Seminar on Port and Marine Environment Management
SUMMARY OF THE IMO MARPOL CONVENTION
Adnan Awad
International Ocean Institute
Abidjan, May 2018

2. MARPOL 73/78
Overview:
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships, 1973 as modified by the Protocol of 1978.
Marpol 73/78 is one of the most important international marine environmental conventions.
Designed to minimize pollution of the seas, including dumping, oil and exhaust pollution.
“to preserve the marine environment through the complete elimination of pollution by oil and other harmful substances and the minimization of accidental discharge of such substances”

3. IMO’s Marine Pollution Convention (MARPOL)
Broken into 6 technical Annexes:
Annex I: Oil
Annex II: Noxious liquid substances in bulk
Annex III: Harmful substances in packaged form
Annex IV: Sewage
Annex V: Garbage
Annex VI: Air pollution

4. Prevention of pollution by oil & oily water:
MARPOL - Annex I
Prevention of pollution by oil & oily water:
Came into force on 2 October, 1983
Specifies tanker design features that are intended to minimize oil discharge into the ocean during ship operations and in case of accidents
Provides regulations with regard to treatment of engine room bilge water (OWS) for all large commercial vessels and ballast and tank cleaning waste (ODME)
introduces the concept of "special sea areas (PPSE)" which are considered to be at risk from pollution by oil

5. Prevention of pollution by oil & oily water:
MARPOL - Annex I
Prevention of pollution by oil & oily water:
Engine room waste
Oily water separators (OWS)
Oil Content meters (OCM)
Port Reception Facilities (PRF)
Cleaning of cargo areas and tanks
Oil Discharge Monitoring Equipment (ODME)
Oil Record Book
To keep track of oily waste water discharges

6. Control of pollution by noxious liquid substances in bulk:
MARPOL - Annex II
Control of pollution by noxious liquid substances in bulk:
MARPOL Annex II came into force on 6 April 1987.
Details the discharge criteria for the elimination of pollution by noxious liquid substances carried in large quantities.
Introduces detailed operational standards and measures for categorized substances.
The discharge of pollutants is allowed only to reception facilities with certain concentrations and conditions.
No discharge of residues containing pollutants is permitted within 12 nautical miles of the nearest land. Stricter restrictions apply to "special areas".

7. MARPOL - Annex III
Prevention of pollution by harmful substances carried by sea in packaged form:
MARPOL Annex III came into force on 7 July 1992.
Contains general requirements for the standards on packing, marking, labeling, documentation, stowage, quantity limitations, exceptions and notifications for preventing pollution by noxious substances.
In line with the procedures detailed in the International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code, which has been expanded to include marine pollutants.

8. Pollution by sewage from ships:
MARPOL - Annex IV
Pollution by sewage from ships:
Marpol Annex IV came into force on 22 September 2003.
Introduces requirements to control pollution from sewage by ships, including:
regulations regarding the ships' equipment and systems for the control of sewage discharge
the provision of port reception facilities for sewage
requirements for survey and certification

9. Pollution by garbage from ships:
MARPOL - Annex V
Pollution by garbage from ships:
MARPOL Annex V came into force on 31 December 1988.
It specifies the distances from land in which materials may be disposed of, and subdivides different types of garbage and marine debris.
The requirements are much stricter in a number of "special areas" but perhaps the most prominent part of the Annex is the complete ban on dumping of plastic into the ocean.
Revised Annex (2013) prohibits the discharge of all garbage into the sea

10. Prevention of air pollution from ships:
MARPOL - Annex VI
Prevention of air pollution from ships:
MARPOL Annex VI came into force on 19 May 2005.
Introduces requirements to regulate emissions by ships, including setting of limits on the emission of ozone-depleting substances:
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
Sulphur Oxides (SOx)
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
Establishes requirements for reception facilities for wastes from exhaust gas cleaning systems, incinerators, fuel oil quality, for off-shore platforms and drilling rigs and for the establishment of SOx Emission Control Areas (SECAs).

11. Prevention of air pollution from ships:
MARPOL - Annex VI
Prevention of air pollution from ships:
Establishes requirements for reception facilities for wastes from exhaust gas cleaning systems, incinerators, fuel oil quality, for off-shore platforms and drilling rigs and for the establishment of SOx Emission Control Areas (SECAs).
In 2011, the IMO adopted ground-breaking technical and operational energy efficiency measures to significantly reduce the amount of greenhouse gas emissions from ships (entered into force 1 Jan, 2013).

12. Lessons and recommendations:
Group Work
Lessons and recommendations:
What lessons have you learned from implementing MARPOL in your port?
How can ports work together in the region to increase efficiency related to pollution management?
What gaps exist in port management capacity for effective implementation?
What do you recommend for future developments?

13. STRONG High Seas Project
Strengthening Regional Ocean Governance for the High Seas
A project delivered under the framework of the
Partnership for Regional Ocean Governance (PROG)
Kurze Vorstellung IASS in Potsdam, Research Institute devotgd to research on pressing sustainability issues such as climate change, energy and resources.
Executive Director is Klaus Töpfer who is also as scientific director leading the research cluster Global Contract on Sustainability.
Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS), Potsdam

14. High Seas
‘[...] all parts of the sea that are not included in the exclusive economic zone, in the territorial sea or in the internal waters of a State, or in the archipelagic Waters of an archipelagic State’ (LOSC, Art. 86)
Credit: Rogers, A D, U R Sumaila, S S Hussain and C Baulcomb, ‘The High Seas and Us: Understanding the Value of High Seas Ecosystems’ (Report, Global Ocean Commission, 2014), p. 4
Represent:
64% of the world’s oceans
Nearly 50% of the planet’s surface
Main pressures:
fisheries, shipping and climate change
Credit: Sumaila et al. (2014) in Rogers, A D, U R Sumaila, S S Hussain and C Baulcomb, ‘The High Seas and Us: Understanding the Value of High Seas Ecosystems’ (Report, Global Ocean Commission, 2014), p. 5

15. Regional Approach to Management
Complementary to the global process
Environmental specificity and uniqueness of the region
Regional interest
Higher buy-in by regional stakeholders
More stringent measures
Financial capacity
Importance of regional cooperation
Pictures: NOAA, Source:

16. STRONG High Seas Project
Strengthening Regional Ocean Governance for the High Seas
5-year project ( )
Funded by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB) through the International Climate Initiative (IKI)
Project Coordination: Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS)
Pictures: NOAA, Source:

17. STRONG High Seas Project
Implementing Partners:

18. STRONG High Seas Project
Southeast Atlantic
West and Central Africa Regional Seas Programme (Abidjan Convention)
17 member States
Decision CP.11/10 (2014): request the establishment of a working group ‘to study all aspects of the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction within the framework of the Abidjan Convention’
Source:
Southeast Pacific
Comisión Permanente del Pacífico Sur (CPPS)
4 member States (+ Panamá)
Galápagos Commitment (2012): ‘promote coordinated action […] with regard to their interests in living and non-living resources in marine areas beyond national jurisdiction’
Possible consideration of an integrated regional ocean policy
Source:

19. STRONG High Seas Project
Objectives of the Project:
Facilitate the development of comprehensive, cross-sectoral approaches to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in ABNJ in the Southeast Atlantic and Southeast Pacific;
Identify best practices and provide support to regional institutions and national authorities in the implementation of existing regional instruments and the development of new approaches;
Develop possible options for regional governance in a future international instrument under UNCLOS and transfer regional lessons learned to the global level to promote ocean governance at different scales.
Pictures: NOAA, Source:

20. Relevance of ABNJ to Ports
Compliance monitoring and enforcement:
Fisheries on the high seas
Shipping
Regional approaches and agreements
Pictures: NOAA, Source:

21. Thank you! Dr. Carole Durussel
Co-Lead STRONG High Seas, Ocean Governance
Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies e.V.
Berliner Straße 130
D – Potsdam
Web:

22. Seminar on Port and Marine Environment Management
THANK YOU!
Adnan Awad
International Ocean Institute