1. Gregor Mendel - the ‘father’ of modern genetics

2. Mendel applied new science of Statistics to his observations
Heredity - transmission of traits, parents to progeny
P1 - parental generation
F1 - first ‘filial’ generation
F2 - second filial generation
Filial = son

3. Mendel crossed two pure plants - green and yellow F1 - all yellow;F2 - all green

4. Dominant trait = that which appears in the 1st generation Recessive trait = that which reappears in the 2nd generation not known to Mendel genes and alleles

5. Mendel’s conclusions - 3 principles
1) dominance & recessiveness
2) Segregation - each reproductive cell receives only one ‘factor’ for each characteristic. The 2 factors for each trait segregate/separate during formation of eggs and sperm.
3) Independent assortment - ‘factors’ for different characteristics not connected. They distribute independently to the reproductive cells.
Mendel’s work sat on the shelf for 35 years! He did not know about mitosis and meiosis.
His work was ‘rediscovered’ in 1902.

6. What do we now know? Genes - segments on a DNA strand (chromosome) that controls a particular hereditary trait (thru production of a particular protein). Chromosomes - occur in pairs  - genes occur in pairs. Each contrasting form of a gene is an allele Alleles represented by letters upper case = dominant allele (A) lower case = recessive allele(a) Co-dominance Incomplete dominance

7. http://highered. mcgraw-hill
Gametes (egg & sperm) each receive one allele  an individual receives one allele for each trait from each parent Genotype - genetic makeup of an organism Phenotype - external, physical appearance of an individual. Examples genotypes phenotypes TT tall Tt tall tt short

8. Homozygous - both alleles for one trait are the same
Homozygous - both alleles for one trait are the same. May be dominant or recessive. Heterozygous - alleles are different. Some traits have multiple alleles (more than two) i.e. - blood types, ABO blood groups

9. Probabilities = # of one kind of event number of all events rule of addition rule of multiplication

10. Monohybrid crosses single trait inheritance - cross between individuals involving a contrasting trait. Punnett square helps predict probabilities.

11. Homozygous (dom. ) x homozygous (rec. ) TT x tt Homozygous (dom
Homozygous (dom.) x homozygous (rec.) TT x tt Homozygous (dom.) x Heterozygous TT x Tt Heterozygous x Heterozygous Tt x Tt