Do now activity #6 What is the definition of: RNA?

Do now activity #6 What is the definition of: RNA?
What is the definition of: DNA? What is the definition of: nucleotide? What is the definition of: nucleus? Where does DNA replication take place? Where does transcription take place? Where does translation take place? Draw and label a monomer of a nucleic acid. What is the difference between the base pairs of DNA vs. RNA? What is the difference between the number of strands found in DNA vs. RNA? What is the difference between the types of sugar found in DNA vs. RNA?

Section 2-4: Translation
Essential Question How does the genetic code of DNA result in the production of proteins? (How do you go from DNA to RNA to produce Protein) Learning Targets Explain how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins. Develop a model demonstrating the creation of a protein from DNA that includes the macromolecules and organelles involved Section 2-4: Translation

announcements Section 1 Retake (>70%)
Completed stamp sheet assignments Retake score will be permanent Starts Monday, September 24, 2018 Class website will be updated today Refer to stamp sheet for list of assignments Quiz 1 scheduled for: Monday, 10/1/18 Quiz 2 scheduled for: TBA Section 2 Test scheduled for: Tuesday, 10/9/18 Last Day to Stamp Chapter 5: Monday, 10/8/18

Available Extra Credit
announcements Available Extra Credit OR Tissue/Pencil Box = 5 Point Class Pass (Limit 2 per student per chapter)

Don’t forget to chunk your notes!

mRNA C U A G During Translation, tRNA brings the correct amino acid used to build the protein. codon site on ribosome

Question #1 what happened right before translation?

Question #2 a) based off your notes, what step of protein synthesis are we at after transcription ends? B) What step does translation start on?

tRNA knows WHICH amino acid to bring because…
translation tRNA knows WHICH amino acid to bring because… …it uses the genetic code table.

The Genetic Code U C A G U C A G 2nd Base 1st Base 3rd Base
phenylalanine leucine isoleucine methionine valine serine proline threonine alanine tyrosine STOP histidine glutamine asparagine lysine aspartate glutamate cysteine tryptophan U C A G arginine glycine 2nd Base The Genetic Code 1st Base 3rd Base

The Genetic Code U C A G U C A G 2nd Base U C A G U C A 1st Base 3rd G
phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine U C A G phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine U leucine serine STOP STOP leucine serine STOP tryptophan leucine proline histidine arginine U C A G leucine proline histidine arginine C 1st Base leucine proline glutamine arginine 3rd Base leucine proline glutamine arginine isoleucine threonine asparagine serine U C A G isoleucine threonine asparagine serine A isoleucine threonine lysine arginine methionine threonine lysine arginine valine alanine aspartate glycine U C A G valine alanine aspartate glycine G valine alanine glutamate glycine valine alanine glutamate glycine

phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine U C A G phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine U leucine serine STOP STOP leucine serine STOP tryptophan leucine proline histidine arginine U leucine proline histidine arginine C C 1st Base leucine proline glutamine arginine A 3rd Base leucine proline glutamine arginine G isoleucine threonine asparagine serine U C A G isoleucine threonine asparagine serine A isoleucine threonine lysine arginine methionine threonine lysine arginine valine alanine aspartate glycine U C A G valine alanine aspartate glycine G valine alanine glutamate glycine valine alanine glutamate glycine

mRNA C U A G codon A G proline anticodon Anticodons on the tRNA match up with codons on the mRNA to bring the correct amino acid. tRNA amino acid

mRNA C U A G A G proline codon Anticodons on the tRNA match up with codons on the mRNA to bring the correct amino acid.

phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine U C A G phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine U leucine serine STOP STOP leucine serine STOP tryptophan leucine proline histidine arginine U C A G leucine proline histidine arginine C 1st Base leucine proline glutamine arginine 3rd Base leucine proline glutamine arginine isoleucine threonine asparagine serine U C A G isoleucine threonine asparagine serine A isoleucine threonine lysine arginine methionine threonine lysine arginine valine alanine aspartate glycine U valine alanine aspartate glycine C G valine alanine glutamate glycine A valine alanine glutamate glycine G

What is the codon for proline?
mRNA C U A G A G proline C U U What is the codon for proline? glutamate

What is the anti-codon for proline?
mRNA C U A G A G proline C U U What is the anti-codon for proline? glutamate

Where are anti-codons found?
mRNA C U A G A G proline C U U Where are anti-codons found? tRNA glutamate

What is the codon for glutamate?
mRNA C U A G A G proline C U U What is the codon for glutamate? glutamate

What is the anti-codon for glutamate?
mRNA C U A G A G proline C U U What is the anti-codon for glutamate? glutamate

Peptide bonds form between amino acids before the tRNA is released.
mRNA C U A G A G proline C U U Peptide bonds form between amino acids before the tRNA is released. glutamate peptide bond forms

mRNA C U A G A G C U U Peptide bonds form between amino acids before the tRNA is released. proline glutamate tRNA released

mRNA C U A G C U U codon Peptide bonds form between amino acids before the tRNA is released. proline glutamate tRNA released

phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine U C A G phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine U leucine serine STOP STOP leucine serine STOP tryptophan leucine proline histidine arginine U C A G leucine proline histidine arginine C 1st Base leucine proline glutamine arginine 3rd Base leucine proline glutamine arginine isoleucine threonine asparagine serine U C A G isoleucine threonine asparagine serine A isoleucine threonine lysine arginine methionine threonine lysine arginine valine alanine aspartate glycine U valine alanine aspartate glycine C G valine alanine glutamate glycine A valine alanine glutamate glycine G

C U A G C U U C U C proline glutamate glutamate

C U A G U C C U C proline glutamate glutamate Protein

translation Terminating Protein Synthesis: 3 “STOP” Codons are used to stop protein synthesis. When protein synthesis reaches a STOP Codon, the protein is released.

REACTANT + REACTANT  PRODUCT(S) REACTANT + REACTANT  PRODUCT(S)
Reactions A process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals. Chemical reactions always involve changes to the chemical bonds that join atoms in compounds. REACTANT + REACTANT  PRODUCT(S) REACTANT + REACTANT  PRODUCT(S)

Reactions Exothermic Reaction Exothermic reaction
Chemical reactions that release energy often occur spontaneously (automatically)

Reactions Endothermic Reaction Endothermic reaction
Chemical reactions that absorb energy will not occur without a source of energy

What are spontaneous reactions?
spontaneous reactions occur naturally

is the energy required for a reaction to start.
Reactions In a reaction, Activation Energy is the energy required for a reaction to start. Some reactions need to have energy added to start them Called activation energy

Fun fact! Hydrogen peroxide ( H 2 O 2 ) is stored in dark bottles to keep light out. If hydrogen peroxide ( H 2 O 2 ) is left outside it will release oxygen and eventually turn into water ( H 2 O). Sometimes the amount of activation energy needed is too high and the reactions will not occur fast enough We have a way of overcoming this problem-enzymes

Reactions How come hydrogen peroxide doesn’t turn into water right away? Why doesn’t the reaction happen faster? Some reactions need to have energy added to start them Called activation energy

Reactions Sometimes the amount of activation energy needed is too high and the reactions will not occur fast enough We have a way of overcoming this problem-enzymes

What happened? The hydrogen peroxide turned into water ( H 2 O) and oxygen ( O 2 ) right away. What was different about THIS reaction? Sometimes the amount of activation energy needed is too high and the reactions will not occur fast enough We have a way of overcoming this problem-enzymes

Reactions Some reactions need to have energy added to start them
Called activation energy

A catalyst speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.
reactions A catalyst speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.

A catalyst lowers the activation energy.
reactions A catalyst lowers the activation energy.

Reactions Some reactions need to have energy added to start them
Called activation energy

HINT: Check your vocab diagrams!
Question! Is an enzyme a protein? HINT: Check your vocab diagrams!

Answer! An enzyme IS a protein.

HINT: What does a catalyst do? What does an enzyme do?
Question! Is an enzyme a catalyst? HINT: What does a catalyst do? What does an enzyme do?

reactions An enzyme IS a catalyst.

Characteristics of Enzymes
AMYLASE GALACTASE SUCRASE LIPASE

Enzymes bind to ONE substrate. The catalyst binds to a substrate the reactant that is being sped up. Enzymes bind to only one substrate Enzymes are reusable Enzymes are affected by pH and Temperature

Enzymes are reusable. The catalyst binds to a substrate the reactant that is being sped up. Enzymes bind to only one substrate Enzymes are reusable Enzymes are affected by pH and Temperature

Enzymes are affected by: pH Temperature Concentration The catalyst binds to a substrate the reactant that is being sped up. Enzymes bind to only one substrate Enzymes are reusable Enzymes are affected by pH and Temperature

Do now activity #6 What is the definition of: RNA?

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