1. Collection and Transportation
SOLID WASTE
Collection and Transportation

2. Solid waste
Solid waste : all the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally solid and that are discarded as useless or unwanted

3. Solid waste management system elements

4. Solid waste
Factors affecting solid waste generation: 1- Geographic location 2- Season of the year 3- Collection frequency (affect amounts collected) 4- Punic attitude 5- Legislations 6- Use of kitchen waste grinders 7- Characteristics of Populace 8- Lack of recycling and waste minimisation

5. Solid waste Generation Rate
Expression unit for generation rates
*Residential kg/c/d kilogram per capita per day
Estimation of unit solid waste generation rates for a Residential Area.
From the following date estimate the unit waste generation rate for a residential area consisting of approximately 1,000 homes. The observation location is a local transfer station, and the observation period is 1 week. each household is comprised of 3.5 people.

6. Solid waste Generation Rate
(1) Number of compactor truck loads = 10 (2) Average size of compactor truck = 15.3 m3 (3) Number of flatbed loads = 10 (4) Average flatbed volume = 1.15m3 (5) Number of loads from individual residents private cars & truck = 20 (6) Estimated volume per domestic vehicle = 0.23m3

7. WASTE GENERATION RATES
Solution
1. Set up the computation table

8. Solid waste Generation Rate
2. Estimate the unit waste generation rate Unit rate = = 1.35 kg/capita/day
33116 kg/wk
(1000x3.5)(7days/wk)

9. Collection Route
Eight(8) condition- to prepare a good Heuristics routing 1) Do not fragment routes, keep in same area. 2) Collection Time + Haul time must be Equal for each route 3) Start collection as close to municipal garage. 4) Do not collect heavily traveled streets during rush hours. 5)Start routes at higher elevations. 6) Make right turn as much as possible. 7)Avoid dead-end roads. 8) Routes must not be overlapping.

10. COLLECTION ROUTING- EXAMPLE
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START

11. START
ONE WAY
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12. EX1: For the following neighborhood has a one-way street running east to west. In general, trucks can only pick up from one side of the street at time.
a) Assuming pickups can be made from both sides of the street at the same time on the one way street , devise a heuristic route in which no house on the route is passed twice (no deadheading).
b) If trash can only be picked up from one side of the one- way street at a time (it’s a busy street), modify your heuristic pickup route with a minimum of deadheading and turns

13. Solid waste collection
Total time of one day refuse or waste collection

14. EX2: consider the following data for a municipal waste collection system: Travel time garage to route =20 min. Travel time , route to disposal site= 20 min. Time to unload at disposal site= 15 min. Time from disposal site to garage= 15 min. Time spent on worker breaks= 40 min/day Packer truck volume =19m3 Time loading per stop = 1min. quantity of daily collected wastes = 150 m3/day Container capacity 10 m3/container Collection time= 2 hours per trip a) How many hours per day would the crew have to work if it fills the trucks twice per day?

15. EX3: Suppose it takes 0.4 hour to drive from the garage to the beginning of the route, 0.4 hours to drive between the route and the disposal site, and hours to return from the disposal site to garage. It takes 0.2 hours to offload a truck at the disposal site. The crew is given two 15 minutes breaks per day and another 30 minutes is allowed for unexpected delays ( total 1 hour) . If two trips are made to the disposal site each day, how much time is left in 8 hours shift for actual refuse collection.?

16. 1) HAUL CONTAINER SYSTEM (HCS)
TYPES OF MSW COLLECTION SYSTEMS
2 TYPES OF COMMON MSW COLLECTION SYSTEM:-
1) HAUL CONTAINER SYSTEM (HCS)
Container full of MSW hauled to a single collection and emptied containers returned to its NEXT container location. (truck carry empty container from dispatch station to first container location)
Vehicle used( hoist truck, Tilt Frame, Truck tractor trash trailer)- high MSW generation
2) STATIONARY CONTAINER SYSTEM (SCS)
Container full of MSW hauled to a single collection and emptied containers returned to SAME MSW on site collection location. (Trucks carrying empty container from dispatch station to first container location)
- Vehicle used( front loading, side loading, rear loading, compactor )-

17. MSW COLLECTION SYSTEMS
1) HAUL CONTAINER SYSTEM (HCS)
MSW COLLECTION SYSTEMS
Hoist Truck
Tilt Frame
Trash Trailer

18. MSW COLLECTION SYSTEMS
HAUL CONTAINER SYSTEM (HCS)-Conventional Mode
MSW COLLECTION SYSTEMS 2 3 n
Truck from dispatch station beginning of daily route, t1
Container Location 1
Pick up loaded container
Haul loaded Container
Haul empty container to original; pick up Location
Transfer station, MRF (content of container are emptied)
Truck to dispatch station end of daily route, t2
Deposit Empty container
Drive to next container location

19. MSW COLLECTION SYSTEMS
1) HAUL CONTAINER SYSTEM (HCS)-Exchange Container Mode
Deposit empty container from previous location and pick up loaded container
Container Location 1 2 3 n
Truck with empty container from dispatch station beginning of daily route, t1
Haul empty container originally at location 1 to location 2
Truck with empty container to dispatch station end of daily route, t2
Haul loaded Container from location 1
Transfer station, MRF or disposal site

20. MSW COLLECTION SYSTEMS
1) HAUL CONTAINER SYSTEM (HCS)
MSW COLLECTION SYSTEMS
For haul container system Phcs= pc +uc +dbc
Phcs = Pick up time per trip for hauled container system, h/trip
pc = time required to pick up loaded container, h/trip
uc = time required to unload empty container, h/trip
dbc = time required to drive between container location, h/trip

21. MSW COLLECTION SYSTEMS
1) HAUL CONTAINER SYSTEM (HCS)
MSW COLLECTION SYSTEMS
Nd =[H(1-W) – (t1- t2)]/ Thcs
Nd = number of trips per day, trips/day
H = length of work day, h/d
W = off-route factor, expressed as a fraction
t1- = time to drive from dispatch station (garage) to first location
to be serviced for the day,
t2- = time to drive from last container to serviced for the day back to dispatch station (garage) ,h.
Tscs = time per trip for haul container system, h/trip

22. MSW COLLECTION SYSTEMS
1) HAUL CONTAINER SYSTEM (HCS)
MSW COLLECTION SYSTEMS
Nd = Vd /c f ………an alternative computation technique.
Nd = number of trips per day, trips/d
Vd = average daily quantity of waste collected, m3/d
c= average container size, m3/trip
f=weighted average container utilization factor

23. MSW COLLECTION SYSTEMS
2) STATIONARY CONTAINER SYSTEM (SCS)
Empty collection vehicle from dispatch station- beginning of daily route, t1
Load contents from container's) at pick up location into collection vehicle 2 3 n
Drive to next container location
Transfer station, MRF (content of container are emptied)
Drive empty collection vehicle to beginning of next collection route or return to dispatch station-end of route, t2
Solid waste pick up location 1
Collection route
Drive loaded collection vehicle to location where contents of vehicle will be emptied

24. MSW COLLECTION SYSTEMS
2) STATIONARY CONTAINER SYSTEM (SCS)
MSW COLLECTION SYSTEMS
For Stationary container system Pscs= Ct (uc) +( np- 1 )(dbc)
Pscs = pickup time per trip for stationary container system, h/trip
Ct = number of container emptied per trip, container/trip
np = number of container pick up location per trip, location/trip
uc = average unloading time per stationary containers for
stationary container system, h/container
dbc = average time spent driving between container location, h/location

25. MSW COLLECTION SYSTEMS
2) STATIONARY CONTAINER SYSTEM (SCS)
MSW COLLECTION SYSTEMS
Ct = v.r /c f
Ct = number of containers emptied per trip, containers/trip
v = volume of collection vehicle, yd3/trip
r = compaction ratio
c = container volume yd3/container
f = Weighted container utilization factor

26. MSW COLLECTION SYSTEMS
2) STATIONARY CONTAINER SYSTEM (SCS)
MSW COLLECTION SYSTEMS
Nd = Vd /v.r (SCS) Nd = Vd /c f (HCS).
Nd = number of collection trips required per day, trips/d
Vd = average daily quantity of waste collected, yd3/d
v = volume of collection vehicle, yd3/trip
r = compaction ratio

27. MSW COLLECTION SYSTEMS
2) STATIONARY CONTAINER SYSTEM (SCS)
MSW COLLECTION SYSTEMS
Time required per day, following equation:-
H = [(t1- t2) + Nd(Tscs)] ……………. (day)
(1-W)
H = Time required per day
t1- = time to drive from dispatch station (garage) to first location to be serviced for the day, hours
t2- = time to drive from last container to serviced for the day back to dispatch station (garage), hours
Nd = number of collection trips required per day, trips/d
Tscs = time per trip for stationary container system, h/trip
W = off-route factor, expressed as a fraction

28. EX: Consider the following data for a municipal waste
EX: Consider the following data for a municipal waste collection system:
Travel time garage to route =20 min.
Time to dispatch station= 15 min.
Compaction ratio =4
Time loading per stop = 1min.
Weighted container utilization factor= 0.67
Off-route factor= 0.15
Quantity of daily collected wastes = 150 m3/day
Container capacity 10 m3/container
Times per trip = 3 hrs/trip
Daily working hours = 7 hours / day
a) How much truck volume to collect the above waste?

29. EX4: Based on traffic studies at similar parks, it is estimated that the average time to drive from the garage to the first container location and from the last container location to the garage each day will be 15 and 20min, respectively. Two trucks are being considered:
Truck volume (m3)
Off-route factor, W
Times per trip , hrs/trip
Solid waste generation
per day, ton
Density of solid waste, kg/m
How many hours per day would each truck and crew have to operate to fill the trucks each day?

30. Homework to be submit on
10-Oct.-2012
1) Solid waste from a new industrial park is to be collected in large containers (drop boxes), some of which will be used in conjunction with stationary compactors. Based on traffic studies at similar parks, it is estimated that the average time to drive from the garage to the first container location and from the last container location to the garage each day will be 10 and 15 min,respectively.If the average time required to drive between containers is 6 min and the one way distance to disposal site is 15.5mi(speed limit:55mi/h), Determine the number of trips that can be made per day and the time per trip based on an 8-h workday. Assume the off-route factor, is equal to The container size is 6 m3,container utilization factor equal to 0.67 and quantity of solid waste generated as 150 m3/week.

31. 2) Solid waste from a new industrial park is to be collected in large containers (drop boxes), some of which will be used in conjunction with stationary compactors. Based on traffic studies at similar parks, it is estimated that the average time to drive from the garage to the first container location and from the last container location to the garage each day will be 10 and 15 min,respectively.If the average time required to drive between containers is 6 min and the one way distance to disposal site is 15.5mi(speed limit:55mi/h), Determine the number of trips that can be made per day if the time per trip is 5 minutes .Based on an 10-hours workday compute the off route factor. Asssume The container size is 8 m3,container utilization factor equal to 0.67 and quantity of solid waste generated as 180 m3/week.

32. TRANSFER STATION

33. TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT
Three Questions for Transfer Station
1) Is it needed?
2) What type should be built?
3) Where should it be located?
The Need for Transfer Operation
The 6 MAJOR factors that tend to make the use of transfer operations attractive include:

34. TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT
1. Long distances to disposal
2.Small collection vehicles (especially with three man crews)
3.The existence of low-density residential areas (lots of 1 acre or larger with long driveways)
4.The widespread use of medium-sized containers for the collection of waste from commercial courses.
5.The use of hydraulic or pneumatic collection systems.
6.The presence of illegal dumps and large amount of litter.

35. TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT
Transfer and transport operations become a necessity when haul distances to available disposal sites or processing centres increase to the point that direct hauling is no longer economically feasible. They also become a necessity when disposal sites or processing centres are in remote locations and cannot be reached directly by highway.
The decision to use a transfer operation is based on economics
The time and economic advantage of the stationary container system over the hauled container system.

36. MRF (MATERIAL RECOVERY FACILITY)
Factors to be considered for MRF design :
A) Type of loading
1) Direct loading- truck load directly
2) Storage Loading- waste kept prior
3) Discharge Loading- Combination of 1 & 2
B) Design Criteria
1) Design Operation Period (yrs)
2) MSW quantity & types of waste for storage & processing
3)Types of machinery and equipments required
4) Other facilities ( Aesthetic & Sanitation)

37. MRF (MATERIAL RECOVERY FACILITY)
C) Layout consideration for MRF
1) Waste deliveries
2) Material delivery rate
3) Loading rates including storage for peak times
4) Material flow & Handling Patterns
5) Performance criteria for equipment selection:-
Equipment
Environment (NIMBY)
Aesthetics

38. Manual Removal Of Material
MSW MANAGEMENT (MRF)
Commingled waste
Receiving Area
Manual Removal Of Material
Mainly Organic Fraction
Cyclone
Air Classification
Bulky items/
White. Good Cardboards
Magnetic Separator
Shred (Shredder)
Shredding
Screen
Screening (Trommel)
Ferrous Metals
Oversize Materials
Dust Collector
Residue to Landfill
Conveyer

39. MSW (MATERIAL RECOVERY FACILITY) PROCESS UNITS
Cyclone Air & Solid Separator

40. MSW (MATERIAL RECOVERY FACILITY) FINAL PRODUCTS
Separated Plastic Waste
Separated Paper waste
Aluminum Cans

41. MSW (MATERIAL RECOVERY FACILITY)
QUESTION
The director wants to know how many sorters, jobs, will be needed on the sorting conveyer line, You know the town population is 120,000. Assume
waste generation rate as 3.82 lb./capita.day
Working hours per week = 40 hrs
Waste sorted ton per person .hr = 2.5

42. MSW MANAGEMENT

43. Optimal MSW Management Strategy are as follows:-
PART 1-Waste Reduction
PART 2-Waste Recovery
PART 3 -Waste Treatment
PART 4- Waste Disposal

44. MSW MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
(Optimal MSW Management Strategy :-
PART 1-Waste Reduction
1.Waste audit
2.Product reformulating
3.Substitution
4.More efficient equipment
5.Process redesign
6.Process control
7.Waste concentration

45. MSW MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Optimal MSW Management Strategy :-
PART 2-Waste Recovery (RECYCLING & REUSE)
1) Recycling
2) Waste recovery
3) Waste segregation
4) Inter-industry exchange
5) Combine specific
6) Waste streams

46. Optimal MSW Management Strategy :-
PART 3 -Waste Treatment
1) Pyrolysis
2) Hydrolysis
3) Composting
PART 4- Waste Disposal
1) Controlled tipping
2) landfill
3) Incineration