1. Humans Affecting the Environment
Environment & Resource Management

2. Humans Affecting the Environment
Changing the Landscape
Urbanization

3. Changing the Landscape
Methods of Harvesting Forests
Pipeline Construction
Effect of Chemicals

4. Methods of Harvesting Forests
Clear-cutting
Shelterwood Cutting
Selective cutting

5. Methods of Harvesting Forests
Trees up to 25" in diameter can be cut with the XL25.

6. When replanted, the new forest grows uniformly in species and size
Methods of Harvesting Forests
Clear Cutting
Loggers remove every tree and leave a barren landscape.
When replanted, the new forest grows uniformly in species and size

7. Methods of Harvesting Forests
Shelterwood Cutting
Involves clear-cutting only part of an old growth forest
Small groups of seed bearing trees are left so the area will regenerate.
Shelterwood method is often used in forests that have grown and aged evenly

8. Only mature trees of the desired size, type or quality
Methods of Harvesting Forests
Selective Cutting
Only mature trees of the desired size, type or quality
Another shot of the same stand in an area that has been finished--except for picking up a few logs.  The stand is about 65 years old.

9. Methods of Harvesting Forests
This is the border between Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Haiti has one set of policies, Dominican Republic another…

10. Pipeline Construction
The Mackenzie Gas Project proposes to develop natural gas fields in the Mackenzie Delta of the Northwest Territories and deliver the natural gas to markets through a pipeline system built along the Mackenzie Valley.

11. Effect of Chemicals
Pesticides, Herbicides, Carbon Dioxide emissions, and even weather modification…

12. Weather Modification What is purposeful weather modification?
“Any action designed or intended to produce, by chemical means, changes in composition or dynamics of the atmosphere for the purpose of increasing, decreasing, or redistributing precipitation, decreasing or suppressing hail or lightning, or dissipating fog or cloud.”

13. Weather Modification Why modify the weather?
to increase the effects of a natural element (e.g. rainfall)
to redistribute the effects of a natural element (e.g. snowfall)
to remove the effects of a natural element (e.g. fog)
to reduce the effects of a natural element (e.g. hail or a hurricane)

14. Weather Modification How is the weather modified?
to increase precipitation in warm clouds, add salt or water spray with planes, generators, and rockets
to increase precipitation in cold clouds, add synthetic ice forming nucleus with planes, generators, and rockets
dry ice
silver iodide
liquid propane
to redistribute precipitation, over seed the clouds to create lighter flakes which the wind will blow away from target area (e.g. Buffalo)

15. Weather Modification How is the weather modified?
to disperse fog in warm clouds:
thermal dissipation – adding heat
chemical desiccation – adding lithium hydroxide (dry)
mechanical mixing – helicopter downwash
to disperse fog in cold clouds, seed the clouds as with increasing precipitation, but how to get the plane in the air?!
Salt Lake City
Anchorage
Paris
USAF

16. Weather Modification
Who is involved with weather modification projects?

17. Weather Modification Issues being raised about weather modification
scientific – evaluation of techniques, results
social – conflicts between land uses
environmental – side effects of chemicals
legal
political

18. Weather Modification Reducing the effects of hurricanes
hurricanes are on the rise, El Nino and La Nina too
but where to experiment with these ideas? “NIMBY!”
cool the warm waters (submarines)
reduce evaporation (oil)
seeding agent into wall clouds around the eye of the storm to slow wind speeds…

19. Weather Modification

20. Weather Modification Weather modification as a military weapon
Vietnam especially (7 years)
Operation POP EYE used to increase precipitation to soften road surfaces, cause landslides along roadways, wash out river crossings, and maintain saturated soil conditions longer than normal time span”
2600 sorties flown
1275 sorties deemed successful
has been international discussions on prohibiting purposeful weather modification for military purposes

21. Urbanization

22. hamlet → village → town → suburb → city → metropolis
Urbanization
Urbanization is the movement of people up the urban hierarchy.
hamlet → village → town → suburb → city → metropolis

23. Urbanization
Urbanization is the movement of people UP the urban hierarchy. This has been the main migration pattern of Canadians since the creation of our country in 1867 until the 1990s.
The chart below illustrates the overall percentage of Canada’s population living in rural and urban areas.
Year
% Rural
% Urban
1871 77 23
1931 50
1976 34 66

24. Urbanization
Why did people leave the countryside to live in the big cities?
reduced need for farm labour due to farm modernization (e.g. tractors)
improvements in mobility (better transportation systems reduces need for local stores)
consolidation of goods & services (most things one needs has relocated to urban areas)

25. Counter-Urbanization
Counter-urbanization is the movement of people DOWN the urban hierarchy. This has been the trend for many parts of Canada since the late 1970s. (metropolis → hamlet)
In general, there are now three categories of people living in rural areas.
Newcomers - retain ties to urban core, younger, well educated, well off, managers/professionals
Homecomers - young families returning to provide rural upbringing to children
Ruralites – have never lived in an urban core

26. Counter-Urbanization
Why are people leaving the cities to live in smaller towns and villages?
health issues, security, “community”
“back to nature” movement (desire to live in the country)
increase in telecommuting (less need to be at an office)
cheaper land and house prices

29. Urbanization What is Urban Planning?
who controls where things get developed?
how do they show where what is permitted?
what different types of land uses are there?
land use maps are quite general.... how do I know what is allowed on a specific piece of property?
who does the actual construction on the land?
what are the steps in getting an empty field to occupied subdivision?
What is the impact of new subdivisions?

30. Town of Whitby Official Plan Map

31. Winchester Community Features
LEGEND
1. Landscaped Stone Entrance Gate 2. Neighbourhood Park 3. Landscaped Stone Entrance Gate 4. Community Park   a) Future seperate elementary school   b) Future public elementary school 5. Pond with Gazebo 6. Proposed Future Secondary School 7. Neighbourhood Park 8. Landscaped Stone Entrance Gate 9. Pond and ravine lands 10. Meanding creek and nature trails 11. Landscaped Stone Entrance Gate

32. Winchester Subdivision Site Plan

33. Residential Property Survey

34. “Brooklin Estate” Artist’s Concept

35. “Brooklin Estate” Floor Plan