1. a: ©National Cancer Institute/Science Source
Fig. 11.3
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Red blood
cell
White blood
cell
Platelet
SEM 2600x
(a)
7.5 m
2.0 m
Top view
Side view
(b)
a: ©National Cancer Institute/Science Source

2. (percentage by weight)
Fig. 11.1
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Plasma
(percentage by weight)
Albumins
58%
Proteins 7%
Globulins
38%
Percentage by
volume
Fibrinogen 4%
Blood makes up about
8% of total body weight
Water
91%
Ions
Nutrients
Other solutes 2%
Waste products
Plasma
55%
Gases
Buffy
coat
Formed elements
(number per cubic mm)
Regulatory
substances
Platelets
250–400 thousand
White blood cells
Formed
elements
45%
White blood cells
5–10 thousand
Neutrophils
60%–70%
Lymphocytes
20%–25%
Monocytes
3%–8%
Red blood cells
4.2–6.2 million
Eosinophils
2%–4%
Basophils
0.5%–1%
(left): ©liquidlibrary/PictureQuest RF

3. a: ©National Cancer Institute/Science Source
Fig. 11.3
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Red blood
cell
White blood
cell
Platelet
SEM 2600x
(a)
7.5 m
2.0 m
Top view
Side view
(b)
a: ©National Cancer Institute/Science Source

4. Fig. 11.2
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Stem cell (hemocytoblast)
Myeloid stem cell
Lymphoid stem cell
Proerythroblast
Megakaryoblast
Myeloblast
Monoblast
Lymphoblast
Early
erythroblast
Progranulocyte
Megakaryocyte
Intermediate
erythroblast
Basophilic
myelocyte
Eosinophilic
myelocyte
Neutrophilic
myelocyte
Late
erythroblast
Megakaryocyte breakup
Nucleus
extruded
Basophilic
band cell
Eosinophilic
band cell
Neutrophilic
band cell
Reticulocyte
Platelets
Monocyte
Red blood cell
Basophil
Eosinophil
Neutrophil
Lymphocyte

5. Decreased Increased blood blood oxygen oxygen Red blood cells
Fig. 11.4
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Decreased
blood
oxygen
Increased
blood
oxygen
Red blood cells
Increased
red blood cell
production
Kidney
Red bone
marrow
Increased
erythropoietin
(EPO)

6. Fig. 11.5 Aged, abnormal, or damaged red blood cells Macrophage
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Aged, abnormal, or
damaged red blood cells
Macrophage
in spleen or liver 1
In macrophages, the globin part of
hemoglobin is broken down to
individual amino acids (red arrow)
and metabolized or used to build
new proteins.
Hemoglobin
120 days in
general circulation
Heme
Globin 1
Iron
Amino
acids 2
The heme of hemoglobin releases
iron. The heme is converted into
bilirubin. 2
Bilirubin
Red blood cells 3
Blood transports iron to the red
bone marrow, where it is used to
produce new hemoglobin (green
arrows).
Red blood
cell production 4 3
Bilirubin in blood
Iron 4
Blood transports bilirubin (blue
arrows) to the liver.
Spleen 5
Bilirubin is excreted as part of the
bile into the small intestine. Some
bilirubin derivatives contribute to
the color of feces.
Liver 6
Other bilirubin derivatives are
reabsorbed from the intestine into the blood and excreted from the kidneys in the urine.
Bilirubin
in bile 5
Kidney 6
Intestines
Bilirubin
derivatives
in blood

7. Table 11.2

8. Fig. 11.6

9. (all): ©Victor Eroschenko
Fig. 11.7
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
LM 1200x
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(all): ©Victor Eroschenko

10. Fig. 11.2
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Stem cell (hemocytoblast)
Myeloid stem cell
Lymphoid stem cell
Proerythroblast
Megakaryoblast
Myeloblast
Monoblast
Lymphoblast
Early
erythroblast
Progranulocyte
Megakaryocyte
Intermediate
erythroblast
Basophilic
myelocyte
Eosinophilic
myelocyte
Neutrophilic
myelocyte
Late
erythroblast
Megakaryocyte breakup
Nucleus
extruded
Basophilic
band cell
Eosinophilic
band cell
Neutrophilic
band cell
Reticulocyte
Platelets
Monocyte
Red blood cell
Basophil
Eosinophil
Neutrophil
Lymphocyte

11. Table 11.2

12. Fig. 11.6

13. (percentage by weight)
Fig. 11.1
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Plasma
(percentage by weight)
Albumins
58%
Proteins 7%
Globulins
38%
Percentage by
volume
Fibrinogen 4%
Blood makes up about
8% of total body weight
Water
91%
Ions
Nutrients
Other solutes 2%
Waste products
Plasma
55%
Gases
Buffy
coat
Formed elements
(number per cubic mm)
Regulatory
substances
Platelets
250–400 thousand
White blood cells
Formed
elements
45%
White blood cells
5–10 thousand
Neutrophils
60%–70%
Lymphocytes
20%–25%
Monocytes
3%–8%
Red blood cells
4.2–6.2 million
Eosinophils
2%–4%
Basophils
0.5%–1%
(left): ©liquidlibrary/PictureQuest RF

14. Table 11.1

15. Centrifuge blood in the hematocrit tube Hematocrit tube 100 90 80
Fig
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Centrifuge blood in
the hematocrit tube
Hematocrit tube
100 90 80
Hematocrit scale
Plasma 70 60 50
White blood cells
and platelets form
the buffy coat. 40 30
Withdraw
blood into
hematocrit
tube. 20
Red blood cells 10
Male
Female

16. Fig. 11.8 ADP Thromboxane 3 Platelet 1 Platelet adhesion occurs when
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
ADP
Thromboxane 3
Platelet 1
Platelet adhesion occurs when
von Willebrand factor connects
exposed collagen to platelets.
Granules 2
Fibrinogen
Endothelial
cell 1
von Willebrand factor
Fibrinogen
receptor 2
During the platelet release reaction,
ADP, thromboxanes, and other
chemicals are released and activate
other platelets.
Collagen 3
Platelet aggregation occurs when
fibrinogen receptors on activated
platelets bind to fibrinogen, connecting
the platelets to one another. The
accumulating mass of platelets forms a
platelet plug.
Blood
vessel
wall
Platelet
plug
Smooth
muscle
cell

17. Fig. 11.9 Stage 1 Inactive clotting factors 1
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Stage 1
Inactive
clotting factors 1
Inactive clotting factors in
the plasma are activated
by exposure to connective
tissue or by chemicals
released from tissues.
Through a series of
reactions, the activated
clotting factors form
prothrombinase.
Connective
tissue
exposed;
chemicals
released
Calcium
and
platelet
chemicals
Injury to
vessel 1
Active
clotting factors
Prothrombinase
Stage 2 2
Prothrombinase converts
prothrombin to thrombin.
Prothrombin
Thrombin 2
Stage 3 3
Thrombin converts
fibrinogen to fibrin (the
clot).
Fibrin
(clot)
Fibrinogen 3

18. Thrombin and tissue plasminogen activator convert inactive
Fig
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Thrombin
and tissue
plasminogen
activator
Plasminogen
Plasmin 1
Fibrin
(clot)
Fibrin breaks down
(clot fibrinolysis) 2 1
Thrombin and tissue plasminogen activator convert inactive
plasminogen into plasmin. 2
Plasmin breaks down the fibrin in a blood clot, resulting in clot
fibrinolysis.

19. Fig. 11.11 Antigen A Antigen B Antigens A and B Neither antigen A
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Antigen A
Antigen B
Antigens A and B
Neither antigen A
nor antigen B
Red blood
cells
Anti-B antibody
Anti-A antibody
Neither anti-A nor
anti-B antibodies
Anti-A and anti-B
antibodies
Plasma
Type A
Type B
Type AB
Type O
Red blood cells with
type A surface antigens
and plasma with anti-B
antibodies
Red blood cells with
type B surface antigens
and plasma with anti-A
antibodies
Red blood cells with both
type A and type B surface
antigens and neither
anti-A nor anti-B plasma
antibodies
Red blood cells with neither
type A nor type B surface
antigens but both anti-A and
anti-B plasma antibodies

20. + + Fig. 11.12 (a) No agglutination reaction. Type A blood
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
(a) No agglutination
reaction. Type A blood
donated to a type A
recipient does not
cause an agglutination
reaction because the
anti-B antibodies in the
recipient do not
combine with the type A
antigens on the red
blood cells in the
donated blood. +
Anti-B antibody
in type A blood
of recipient
Antigen and
antibody do
not match.
Type A blood of donor
No agglutination
(b) Agglutination
reaction. Type A blood
donated to a type B
recipient causes an
agglutination reaction
because the anti-A
antibodies in the
recipient combine with
the type A antigens on
the red blood cells in the
donated blood. +
Anti-A antibody
in type B blood
of recipient
Antigen and
antibody
match.
Type A blood of donor
Agglutination

21. Fig
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fetal Rh-positive
red blood cell in
maternal circulation
Maternal blood
Placenta
Placental
tissue 1 1
Before or during delivery, Rh-
positive red blood cells from the
fetus enter the blood of an Rh-
negative woman through a tear in
the placenta.
Fetal blood in
capillary
Fetal
Rh-positive
red blood cell
Maternal blood is
separated from fetal
blood by the chorion.
First Pregnancy
Anti-Rh
antibodies 2 2
The mother is sensitized to the Rh
antigen and produces anti-Rh
antibodies. Because this usually
happens after delivery, the fetus is
not affected in the first pregnancy. 3
During a subsequent pregnancy with an
Rh-positive fetus, if Rh-positive red blood
cells cross the placenta and enter the
maternal circulation, they can stimulate
the mother to produce antibodies against
the Rh antigen. Antibody production is
rapid because the mother has been
sensitized to the Rh antigen.
Maternal blood 3 4
Fetal blood in
capillary 4
The anti-Rh antibodies from the mother
cross the placenta, causing agglutination
and hemolysis of fetal red blood cells,
and hemolytic disease of the newborn
(HDN) develops.
Subsequent Pregnancy