1. Types of Memory
(iconic memory)
(7 bits for 30seconds)

2. Types of Long-Term Memory
Explicit
Implicit
conscious
recall
learned
skills
personally
experienced
events
general
facts
motor or
cognitive
activation of
associations
associative
learning

3. Where is Memory Stored?
Brain Impairment lead us to clues about learning and memory: HM
Extreme seizures forced the removal of:
medial basal regions of the temporal lobe (bilaterally)
most of the amygdala (bilaterally)
all of the hippocampus (bilaterally)
Result:
Retrograde amnesia
loss of some past memories
Anterograde amnesia
loss of the ability to form new memories
Hippocampus is critical for the formation of new memories

4. Memory Areas
Amygdala
Caudate
Hippocampus
Visual Cortex

5. Types of Learning Associative Learning: Non-Associative Learning:
Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)
Behavior is associated with paired stimuli
unconditioned stimulus (UCS) yields an unconditioned response (UCR)
a neutral stimulus (NS) is paired with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
until the UCS alone (now the CS) yields a conditioned response (CR)
Operant Conditioning (Skinner)
Behavior is associated with rewards
Reinforcement
Punishment
Non-Associative Learning:

6. Cellular Mechanism for Learning
Hebbian Synapse:
Frequent stimulation can change the efficacy of a synapse

7. Enrichment Protocol
Impoverished Condition
Enriched Condition

8. Hippocampal Brain Slicing

9. Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
each triangle represents a single
action potential
Slope of
the EPSP
(one characteristic measure of an action potential)
baseline response
potentiated response
Hippocampus has a three synaptic pathway
Stimulate one area (mossy fibers) and record the action potentials in another (CA1)
Stimulate multiple times to get a baseline response
Once a stable baseline is established give a brief high frequency stimulating pulse
Use the same stimulating pulse as in baseline but now see a potentiated response
This potentiated response can last hours, days, or even weeks (LTP)

10. Normal Synaptic Transmission
Glutamate Channels:
NMDA
Mg2+ block
no ion flow
AMPA
Na+ flows in
depolarizes cell

11. LTP Induction With repeated activation
the depolarization drives the Mg2+ plug out of the NMDA channels
Ca2+ then rushes in through the NMDA channels
Ca2+ stimulates a retrograde messenger to maintain LTP
Ca2+ also stimulates CREB to activate plasticity genes

12. LTP-induced Neural Changes

13. Neurobiological Changes via Learning
Dendritic changes:
Increased dendritic arborization
Increased dendritic bulbs
Synaptic changes:
More neurotransmitter release
More sensitive postsynaptic area
Larger presynaptic areas
Larger postsynaptic areas
Increased interneuron modulation
More synapses formed
Increased shifts in synaptic input
Physiological changes:
Long-Term Potentiation
Long-Term Depression