1. Agenda Bell Ringer – MUGshot Sentence Review Logos
Logical Structure
Logical Strategies
Class Practice – Atticus Finch’s Closing Argument in To Kill a Mockingbird
Formative Assessment – JFK’s “Civil Rights Address”

2. Unit II: Rhetorical Appeals – Logos
I can identify and explain how an author’s use of logos makes his/her claims more convincing.
RI – Determine an author’s point of view or purpose in a text in which the rhetoric is particularly effective, analyzing how the style and content contribute to the power, persuasiveness, or beauty of the text.

3. Logos
How the author appeals to the audience’s sense of reasoning and logic.
Includes claims supported by reasoning and evidence.
Types of evidence include:
Facts
Statistics
Surveys
Expert Testimonials
Polls
Examples

4. Logical Structure
Claim
Reason
Evidence

5. Logical Strategies – Parallel Structure
Parallel Structure – using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance.
Presents ideas as having equal weight.
Can happen at the word, phrase, or clause level
Joined with coordinating conjunctions such as “and” or “or”
Examples
Gerunds: Mary likes hiking, swimming, and bicycling.
Infinitive Phrases: Mary likes to hike, to swim, and to ride a bicycle.
Clauses: The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that they should not eat too much, and that they should do some warm-up exercises before the game.
Lists after a colon: The dictionary can be used to find these: word meanings, pronunciations, correct spellings, and irregular verbs.

6. Logical Strategies – Rhetorical Question
Rhetorical Question – a question that a speaker asks without expecting an answer.
It might be one that has an obvious answer, but the speaker asks the question to make a point and to persuade.
Example
“As a country, the United States no longer the leader in science and innovative technology in the world. I ask my distinguished colleagues in the Senate, how are we going to fix this? When are we going to reestablish our priority on science education in our schools by funding an initiative to promote excellence in science teaching ? How much longer can we afford to wait?"

7. Logical Strategies – Making Connections
Analogy – a comparison between two different things to highlight some point of similarity.
Connects two separate ideas to each other.
Presents the audience with an example through a comparison.
Allusion – a brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing or idea of historical, cultural, literary or political significance.
Connects an idea to something the audience already knows.
Presents the audience with a familiar example
Example – "One calls itself the Islamic Republic; the other calls itself the Islamic State. Both want to impose a militant Islamic empire, first on the region and then on the entire world," Netanyahu said. "They just disagree among themselves who will be the ruler of that empire. In this deadly 'Game of Thrones, there's no place for America or for Israel. No peace for Christians, Jews, or Muslims who don't share the Islamist medieval creed.“ - Israeli Prime Minsiter Benjamin Netanyahu, arguing there is little ideological difference between the Iranian government and the jihadist group Islamic State (also known as ISIS) in the Middle East. 

8. Logical Strategies – Aphorisms
Aphorism – a short and sweet saying embodying a general truth.
The way the statement is worded helps the audience accept it as fact.
Examples  
“If you can’t explain it simply, you don’t understand it well enough.” – Albert Einstein
“Nothing in all the world is more dangerous than sincere ignorance and conscientious stupidity.” – Martin Luther King J.
“Those who deny freedom to others deserve it not for themselves.” – Abraham Lincoln
“People demand freedom of speech as a compensation for the freedom of thought which they seldom use.” – Soren Kierkegaard

9. Class Practice - TKAM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HOocTXKPVVU
Identify Atticus Finch’s overall argument.
Identify the logical strategies he uses in his closing argument.
Explain how his use of logos strengthens his claim(s).

10. Formative Assessment
Logos Analysis Step 1: As you read, JFK’s “Civil Rights Address,” annotate the text for the use of evidence. Be sure to look for examples of facts, statistics, and examples. Step 2: Identify JFK’s overall argument: Step 3: Analyze the JFK’s use of logos to develop his overall argument