1. SECTIONALISM

2. Industrial, Dense population, anti-slavery
Regional Differences
Industrial, Dense population, anti-slavery
Just trying to survive
Agricultural, slavery

3. What is the difference between nationalism and sectionalism?

4. Nationalism – a feeling of pride, loyalty, and protectiveness toward your country. Loyalty to one’s nation as a whole.

5. Sectionalism – the loyalty to the interest of your own region or section of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole.

6. What kind of differences were there between the regions as the nation grew?
What kind of political differences?
What kind of economic differences?
What kind of social differences?

7. Complete the chart as we view and discuss the following information.
Political
Economic
Social
North
South
West

8. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NORTH
Political
It supported high tariffs to protect manufacturing.
It supported federally funded internal improvements like canals, roads, and railroads so they could have transportation to their markets.
In the 1840’s and 1850’s they began to oppose slavery.

9. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NORTH
Economic
Agriculture was diversified (wheat, corn, dairy). It was more scientific and Northerners developed more farm machines that the South did.
Fishing and whaling were still important to the Northeast.
Manufacturing
It replaced shipping as the main business of the Northeast.

10. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NORTH
Economy (Transportation of goods)
The transportation system was designed to get goods to the ocean.
The main transportation in the South was rivers, streams, and intercoastal routes.

11. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NORTH
Social
Immigration served as one of the major social issues in the North.
This immigration tended to create low wages and encouraged child labor.
Women’s Suffrage and Abolition of slavery were other social reforms the North was focused on.
Abolitionists believed that slavery was morally wrong.

12. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOUTH
Political
Protecting slavery was of the utmost importance to Southerners.
Fighting tariffs was paramount to Southerners since tariffs increased the price of goods imported from Europe.
Southerners were against internal improvements because it cost money and it did not meet their transportation needs.

13. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOUTH
Economic Home of the “cotton kingdom”—Cotton replaced linen and wool as the major fiber for cloth. Tobacco still was the major crop in the Upper South. Rice and sugar were still important crops in South Carolina and Louisiana.

14. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOUTH
Economy (Transportation of goods)
The transportation system was designed to get goods to the ocean.
The main transportation in the South was rivers, streams, and intercoastal routes.

15. Slavery was an important part of the Southern economy
Slavery was an important part of the Southern economy. The feeling was that slavery must follow expansion.
The South was agriculturally self-sufficient.
It provided its own corn, wheat, and livestock.
There was little manufacturing in the South.
The economy was still tied to Great Britain.

16. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOUTH
Social
Slavery served as one of the largest social issues of the south
Not everyone was in favor of slavery, but most were in favor of states rights
Only 1 in 4 Texans owned slaves

17. Middle class farmers and lower class farmers supported slavery even though few had twenty slaves or more.
They hoped to have slaves themselves.
They were afraid of slave rebellion and competition from free blacks.

18. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WEST
Political
Westerners wanted low priced or free land in the West.
They supported federally financed internal transportation improvements.
The West tended to support protective tariffs to pay for internal improvements without raising the price of federal land.
The Northwest and Southwest disagreed on slavery.

19. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WEST
Economic
Fur traders were the first Americans to move west.
Frontier farms followed. The farmers typically lived in log cabins and they were basically self-sufficient.
The economy of the West depended on turnpikes, canals, steamboats, and railroads

20. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WEST
Social
In the wake of the War of 1812, many nationalistic Americans believed that God intended for them to spread democracy and Christianity across the entire continent.

21. Looking at your chart, notice the economic and political differences
Looking at your chart, notice the economic and political differences. Was the Civil War unavoidable? Could a compromise have been met?

22. Do Now Question:
How did westward expansion increase sectional tensions between the North & South from ?

23. Sectionalism in the Antebellum Era
From , the North & South became vastly different regions
“King Cotton” had transformed the South into a rural region with slavery, little manufacturing, & few railroads
North was industrial, urban

24. Sectionalism in the Antebellum Era
From , the North & South became vastly different regions
The North had industrial factories, cities, paid immigrant workers, railroads, & larger population

25. Sectionalism in the Antebellum Era
These regional differences increased sectionalism–placing the interests of a region above the interests of the nation
: Sectionalism was mild & resolved by compromise

26. Sectionalism:
The first major issue regarding slavery in the antebellum era focused on Missouri becoming a state in 1820:
Northerners & Southerners did not want to upset the equal balance of free & slave states in the Senate
Northerners did not want slavery to spread beyond the “Deep South”
Southerners did not think Congress had the power to stop slavery

27. In 1820, Henry Clay negotiated the Missouri Compromise
Maine broke from Massachusetts & became a free state
Missouri became a slave state
Slavery was outlawed in all western territories above the latitude of 36°30'

28. Sectionalism:
In the 1830s, the issue of tariffs divided North & South
Southerners argued that tariffs benefited only the North & made manufactured goods too expensive
John C. Calhoun of SC attempted nullification & threatened secession
President Jackson fought this states’ rights argument

29. Sectionalism:
The Nat Turner rebellion increased the barbarity of slavery in the South:
In 1831, Nat Turner freed slaves on Virginia farms & killed 60 whites
Southern whites responded by making slave codes more severe

30. Sectionalism:
Texas was not annexed for 9 years because its would unbalance the number of free & slave states
In the 1840s, westward expansion brought the issue of slavery up again:
The addition of the Mexican Cession after the Mexican-American War gave Southerners hope that slavery would spread to the Pacific Ocean

31. Sectionalism:
Free Soilers were not abolitionists because they did not think Congress had the power to end slavery; They were against the expansion of slavery into the West
In 1846, Northern Congressmen tried to pass the Wilmot Proviso:
This law would have outlawed all slaves from the Mexican Cession
Rather than voting along party lines (Democrats & Whigs), Congressmen voting according to their region
In 1848, the Free Soil Party was formed to keep slavery from spreading West

32. Sectionalism:
In 1850, California asked to enter the Union as a free state:
Southerners did not want more free states & wanted slavery to be allowed in the southwest territories
Northerners wanted to keep slavery out of the SW & wanted other laws to protect runaway slaves who made it to freedom in the North

33. The Compromise of 1850 solved the sectional dispute between North & South
The people of Utah & New Mexico could vote to allow or ban slavery (popular sovereignty)
The slave trade ended in Washington DC
A stronger Fugitive Slave Law was created that allowed Southerners to recapture slaves in the North
California entered as a free state

34. The Compromise of 1850: Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, & John Calhoun

35. Sectionalism:
From 1820 to 1850, sectionalism in America increased due to
Differences in regional economies & the use of slavery
Westward expansion & the entry of new states to the Union
Growing abolitionism in the North
But, each time a dispute threatened the nation, a compromise was reached

36. Sectionalism in the Antebellum Era
These regional differences increased sectionalism–placing the interests of a region above the interests of the nation
: Sectionalism was mild & resolved by compromise
: The growth of abolitionism & westward expansion intensified the question of the “morality” of slavery

37. Sectionalism:
Abolitionists & many Northerners despised the Compromise of 1850:
The Fugitive Slave Law allowed runaway slaves (& sometimes free blacks) to be recaptured & enslaved
Northerners formed vigilante committees to protect runaways
Abolitionism grew in the North

39. Sectionalism: 1850-1856 Abolitionism was growing in the North:
William Lloyd Garrison formed the American Anti-Slavery Society & published The Liberator
Ex-slave Frederick Douglass published The North Star
The Grimke Sisters revealed that some Southerners opposed slavery

40. The Underground Railroad was a network of safe houses to help slaves escape to freedom
Harriet Tubman made 19 trips South to lead 300 slaves to freedom through the Underground Railroad

41. Sectionalism:
In 1852 Harriet Beecher Stowe published Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Depicted slavery as a moral evil
Became the best selling book of the 19th century
Inspired many in the North to join the abolitionist cause

42. Sectionalism:
In 1854, Congress passed Stephen Douglas’ Kansas-Nebraska Act
The law used popular sovereignty to give the residents of the territories the right to vote to determine slavery
To do this, Congress repealed (ended) the Missouri Compromise line at 36º30’ in the western territories

43. The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

44. Sectionalism:
Northerners were outraged by the Kansas-Nebraska Act:
Congress allowed slavery to spread into an area of the U.S. where slavery was already outlawed
Northerners formed the Republican Party in 1854 & became committed to the “free soil” movement

46. Sectionalism:
Popular sovereignty failed to settle the slavery question in the West:
When a vote was held in Kansas in 1855 to decide on slavery, thousands of Missouri residents illegally voted
This illegal vote gave Kansas slavery when its residents voted against it
In 1856, a war began between Kansas & Missouri (Bleeding Kansas)

47. This incident became known as “Bleeding Kansas”
The vote revealed a pro-slavery victory which led to a violent civil war in Kansas
Thousands of pro-slavery Missouri residents crossed the border & voted for slavery
The resulting pro-slavery victory, led to
Free-soilers from Kansas voted against slavery

48. Sectionalism:
From 1850 to 1856, sectionalism in America increased due to
The growth of abolitionism due to the Fugitive Slave Law, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, & the Kansas-Nebraska Act
The birth of regional (not national) political parties like the Republicans
Sectional tensions were becoming so bad that compromise was not an option

49. Sectionalism in the Antebellum Era
These regional differences increased sectionalism–placing the interests of a region above the interests of the nation
: Sectionalism was mild & resolved by compromise
: The growth of abolitionism & westward expansion intensified the question of the “morality” of slavery
: The slave issue became “irreconcilable” & led to the Civil War

50. Republicans in the North
Sectionalism:
The election of 1856 was the first time in which political parties represented regions of the country, not the nation
Slavery became the most important political issue in American politics
Even though the Republicans lost in 1856, they realized that they had enough electoral votes to win the presidency without Southern support
Republicans in the North
Democrats in the South

51. Sectionalism:
In 1857, a slave named Dred Scott sued for his freedom after traveling with his master from Missouri to Wisconsin
The Dred Scott case presented the Supreme Court with 2 major questions:
Does Congress have the power to decide on slavery in the territories?
Is the Missouri Compromise constitutional?

53. Sectionalism:
In Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857), the Supreme Court ruled:
Dred Scott had no right to sue because blacks are not citizens
Congress did not have the power to stop slavery in western territories so the Missouri Compromise was ruled unconstitutional
Northern abolitionists were furious

54. Sectionalism:
Lincoln was unknown at the time, but during the campaign he argued that Congress must stop the spread of slavery (free soil argument)
In 1858, Democrat Stephen Douglas ran against Republican Abraham Lincoln for the Illinois Senate
Lincoln lost the Senate election, but his argument against slavery made him a popular national figure

55. “A house divided against itself cannot stand
“A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free.” —Abraham Lincoln, 1858

56. Sectionalism:
In 1859, abolitionist John Brown led an unsuccessful raid on a federal armory at Harper’s Ferry, VA in an attempt to free slaves in a massive slave uprising
Brown was caught & executed
But he was seen as a martyr by many in the North
Southerners believed Northerners were using to violence to end slavery

57. John Brown: Northern Martyr or Southern Villain?
John Brown's body lies a-mouldering in the grave, /| John Brown's body lies a-mouldering in the grave, But his soul goes marching on. Chorus: Glory, glory, hallelujah, /| Glory, glory, hallelujah, His soul goes marching on.
He's gone to be a soldier in the Army of the Lord, /| He's gone to be a soldier in the Army of the Lord, His soul goes marching on. Chorus:
John Brown's knapsack is strapped upon his back, / John Brown's knapsack is strapped upon his back, His soul goes marching on. Chorus:
John Brown died that the slaves might be free, / John Brown died that the slaves might be free, His soul goes marching on. Chorus:
The stars above in Heaven now are looking kindly down, / The stars above in Heaven now are looking kindly down, His soul goes marching on.

58. Democrats in the North & South were split over the issue of slavery
Sectionalism:
Northern Democrats nominated Stephen Douglas who argued for popular sovereignty
Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln who argued for “free soil” & a strong national gov’t
The Election of 1860 proved to be the final straw for the South:
Southern Democrats nominated John Breckenridge who argued for states rights & the protection of slavery
Democrats in the North & South were split over the issue of slavery

59. Lincoln won the election without a single Southern vote
Sectionalism:
Lincoln won the election without a single Southern vote
Southerners assumed slavery would soon be abolished & began to discuss the possibility of seceding (breaking away) from the USA

60. Sectionalism:
In December 1860, South Carolina became the first state to secede from the Union
In 1861, more Southern states seceded & the Civil War between North & South began

61. Sectionalism:
From 1856 to 1860, sectionalism in America increased due to:
Slavery became the most important political issue of the time
Growing Southern fears that the North would end slavery (John Brown’s raid, election of Lincoln)
No compromises could prevent a Civil War between the North & South