1. Trends in migration

2. The great depression

3. Great Depression, worldwide economic downturn that began in 1929 and lasted until about It was the longest and most severe depression experienced by the industrialized Western world.
Although it originated in the United States the Great Depression caused drastic declines in output, severe unemployment and deflation in almost every country of the world.
By its height in 1933, unemployment had risen from 3 percent to 25 percent of the nation’s workforce

4. 19th and early 20th century
Until the Great Depression, most immigrants arrived from Europe to Canada and USA.
Immigrants from the British Isles were favoured; Asians and Africans were discouraged.

5. Settling the West
Advertisement for land in Western Canada, 19th century
In the late 19th century, Canada wanted to settle the West.
19th century: fear of American “Manifest Destiny” (taking all of North America).
In the 19th century, manifest destiny was a widely held belief in the United States that its settlers were destined to expand across North America.
Eventually, Eastern Europeans would also be encouraged to settle in the West; the federal government wanted farmers.

6. Ukrainian Refugees in the Early 20th Century
After the First World War, Ukraine became embroiled in a bitter struggle for independence.
The Soviet invasion, occupation and subsequent establishment of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1919 created social and economic turmoil in the region.
Thousands of Ukrainians fled to Canada, seeking refuge from religious and political oppression, and to escape the ravages of civil war. In 1932, a massive and devastating famine in Eastern Europe, called the “Holodomor,” forced even more Ukrainians to seek the safety and prosperity of the Canadian Prairies.

7. The Great Depression and World War II
During these two time periods, immigration died down.
Due to a high unemployment rate during the Depression, the gov’t didn’t want to worsen the situation.
-During WWII, immigration stopped because it proved dangerous and people were fearful of spies.
During WWII, Japanese Canadians (and other ethnic groups) were held in internment camps or imprisoned.
Just as Austro-Hungarians and Germans were held in internment camps during WWI.

9. Post-war period After WWII, immigration to the Americas started again.
: almost 10 million Europeans migrated to the Americas.
New development: immigrants from South Asia, Africa and Latin America were moving to industrialized countries in the North.
- Possibilities of jobs.

10. 1978 New Canadian Immigration Act
In 1978, Canada’s Immigration Act was updated to include a humanitarian category for refugees needing protection and resettlement.
In 1986, UN awarded the Nansen Medal to the Canadian people in "recognition of their major and sustained contribution to the cause of refugees".

11. Vietnamese “boat people” (1978)
After the Vietnam War, many Vietnamese, Cambodians and Laotians fled the new Communist regimes in their countries.

12. Immigration since the 1970s
In the Persian Gulf countries, immigrants have been attracted from neighbouring Arab countries.
Immigrants from India, Pakistan and Southeast Asia are also moving there
Reason?
The oil boom requires a significant labour force.

13. WHY CHOOSE CANADA
Large landmass, abundant natural resources & small population
Democratic, open society
Multicultural population welcoming to newcomers
Well developed infrastructure, health, educational and other systems
Highly industrialized, vibrant economy with many opportunities for skilled workers & business persons

14. Benefits of Immigration
Increase population
Economic Gain
Increase in cultural diversity
Increase in standard of living in the part of immigrants
A younger workforce
Skilled workers

15. 3 Types of Immigrants Independent Immigrants Family Class Immigrants
Refugees

16. HOW TO COME TO CANADA : POINT SYSTEM
To get into Canada Independent immigrants must achieve a certain amount of points.
Must score a total of 67/100
For Family and Refugee’s, acceptance is based on other criteria relating to circumstance and other family already here.

17. INDEPENDENT IMMIGRANTS
These are immigrants that come to Canada alone
They are accepted based on a point system, and there are two sub-types.
67 points as a skilled worker will get you in.
35 points as a business immigrant as well as enough $$$ will get you in.

18. Family Class Immigrants
To allow people to reunite with their family, partners, and spouses.
Every family immigrant must be sponsored by a relative in Canada.
Sponsors are financially responsible for 10 years.

19. What is a refugee?
a refugee is a person who flees his or her home country because of fears of persecution or abuse, particularly by their own government

20. Between 1995 to 2004, Canada welcomed more than 2.1 million immigrants.
265,685 refugees were granted permanent residence (12%).
Refugee protection was not part of Canadian law until 1978.
Early immigration policy discriminated by race. British and Northern Europeans were encouraged to immigrate;

21. Komagatu Maru
In 1914, 250 South Asians came to Vancouver on the Komagatu Maru to test the Canada’s "continuous journey” policy.
After two months aboard the ship in Vancouver Harbour, they were refused entry and forced to sail back to India.
There they were fired upon by British police resulting in the deaths of 20 Sikhs

22. Canadian Immigrants by Country

23. Why does Canada accept refugees?
increase population
Accepted for humanitarian reasons:
Canada has the resources to help
Cultural connections

24. Difficulties in accepting refugees
Costs associated with helping them transition to Canadian life
Danger in that some could have ill intentions
Infrastructure capabilities: Can we handle that many more people?
Dealing with differences between cultures: how much do we accommodate for their beliefs vs. them having to adapt to Canadian ways of life.

25. Canada Immigration 1.China – 34,126 2.India – 33,085
Top 10 countries that immigrated to Canada (2013)
1.China – 34,126
2.India – 33,085
3.Philippines – 29,539
4.Pakistan – 12,602
5.Iran – 11,291
6.United States – 8,495
7.United Kingdom – 5,826
8.France – 5,624
9.Iraq – 4,918
10.Republic of Korea – 4,509

27. Do You Qualify? http://www.canada-da.com/calculator.html
Group 1:
Age: 27
Education: High School
Experience: 3 years
English: High Proficiency
French: No Proficiency
No arrange employment
No Spouse
Have family in Canada

28. Do You Qualify? Group 2 Age: 52 Education: Doctoral Degree
Experience: 4 Years
English: Moderate Proficiency
French: Moderate Proficiency
Arranged Employment
Married: Spouse has university degree
Have family in Canada

29. Do You Qualify? Group 3 Age: 37
Education: One Year Diploma with 12 years experience
Experience: 2 years recent
English: Basic Proficiency
French: Moderate Proficiency
No arrange employment
Married – spouse has PHD
No family

30. Undocumented workers and the underground economy
According to Statistics Canada, Canada’s Underground Economy accounted for $45.6 billion in 2013 (Canada.gc.ca)
The “Underground Economy” includes everything from undeclared tips to under-the- table construction work.
The “Underground Economy” also includes the employment of undocumented workers.

31. Undocumented workers
They are people who haven’t been allowed to stay in Canada or have overstayed their visas.
They include refugees claimants awaiting a decision, workers whose visas have expired, failed refugee claimants who are still in the country, etc.
Many immigrants without full status work and contribute tax dollars. (Source:

32. Why employ undocumented workers?
Employers don’t need to respect working norms (working conditions and wages).
Employers pay less tax since they do not declare workers.
Undocumented workers often employed for domestic work and on fruit and vegetable farms.

33. What effect does this have on the economy?
Loss of government revenue.
Fewer jobs available in the job market.

34. What is the reality for undocumented workers?
No job security.
No social safety net (welfare)
Labour standards not respected by employer.

35. Crossing borders
Why do countries protect their borders?

39. borders Barrier against armed invasion. Way of controlling imports.
Way of collecting taxes and custom duties.
Way of monitoring immigrants to make sure they meet required criteria.

40. Legal Rules In most cases, a passport is required.
Specific visas are often required (tourist, student, work, etc.)
Immigrants who wish to become full-fledged citizens must meet a country’s guidelines and conditions.

41. In the case of Canada To gain citizenship you must: Be over 18.
Have permanent resident status.
Have resided in Canada for 3 of the last four years before applying.
Have knowledge of English or French.
Have no criminal record.
Have knowledge of Canada

42. Clandestine migration
Illegal immigration.
Almost illegal immigrants may reside in Canada.
> Why are the numbers so imprecise?
>>> Since it is illegal it is hard to document the cases.