1. Compare and contrast Animal vs. Plant Cells
CH. 6 WARM-UP
Compare and contrast Animal vs. Plant Cells
Animal Cell
Plant Cell

2. Science Starter 10/7:
What do you remember about cells? Be specific and detailed!

3. Notes 2- Cell Theory and Types of Cells3

4. HOW WE STUDY CELLS
Biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry to study cells 4

5. Scale of cells
Note that light microscopes can not magnify as well as electron microscopes 5

6. Light Microscopes (LM) vs. Electron Microscopes (EM)6

7. COMPARISONS OF SCOPES Light Electron
Visible light passes through specimen
Refracts light so specimen is magnified
Magnify up to 1000X
Specimen can be alive/moving
Color
Focuses a beam of electrons through/onto specimen
Magnify up to 1,000,000 times
Specimen non-living and in vacuum
Black and white 7

8. Cell Theory: All living things are made up of cells
The cell is the structural and functional unit of living things
All cells come from pre-existing cells by division
Cells contain hereditary information which is passed from cell to cell during division
All cells have similar chemical composition 8

9. Prokaryotes: Domain Bacteria & Archaea
2 TYPES OF CELLS:
Prokaryotes: Domain Bacteria & Archaea
Eukaryotes (Domain Eukarya): Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals 9

10. A PROKARYOTIC CELL (BACTERIA)10

11. PROKARYOTE VS. EUKARYOTE
Has nucleus and nuclear envelope
Membrane-bound organelles with specialized structure/function
Much larger in size
More complex
ex. plant/animal cell
No nucleus
No organelles other than ribosomes
Small size
Primitive
ex. Bacteria & Archaea 11

12. CELL SIZE AND SCALE / 12

13. Cells must be small to maintain a large surface area to volume ratio
Large S.A. allows increased rates of chemical exchange between cell and environment 13

14. SURFACE AREA EXAMPLE (ANIMAL):
Small Intestine: highly folded surface to increase absorption of nutrients
Villi: finger-like projections on SI wall
Microvilli: projections on each cell 14

15. SURFACE AREA EXAMPLE (PLANT):
Root hairs: extensions of root cells; increase surface area for absorbing water and minerals 15

16. Stop Notes 2 16

17. WARM-UP 10/23:
What are the 2 main types of cells? Which Domains do they consist of?
List 3 ways that eukaryotes differ from prokaryotes.

18. NUCLEUS Function: control center of cell Contains DNA
Surrounded by double membrane (nuclear envelope)
Continuous with the rough ER
Nuclear pores: control what enters/leaves nucleus
Chromatin: complex of DNA + proteins; makes up chromosomes
Nucleolus: region where ribosomal subunits are formed 18

19. NUCLEUS Contains DNA Function: control center of cell
Surrounded by double membrane (nuclear envelope)
Continuous with the rough ER
Nuclear pores: control what enters/leaves nucleus
Chromatin: complex of DNA + proteins; makes up chromosomes
Nucleolus: region where ribosomal subunits are formed 19

20. RIBOSOMES Function: protein synthesis Composed of rRNA + protein
Large subunit + small subunit
Types:
Free ribosomes: float in cytosol, produce proteins used within cell
Bound ribosomes: attached to ER, make proteins for export from cell 20

21. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
Network of membranes and sacs
Types:
Rough ER: ribosomes on surface
Function: package proteins for secretion, send transport vesicles to Golgi, make replacement membrane
Smooth ER: no ribosomes on surface
Function: synthesize lipids, metabolize carbs, detox drugs & poisons, store Ca2+ 21

22. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)22

23. GOLGI APPARATUS
Function: synthesis & packaging of materials (small molecules) for transport (in vesicles); produce lysosomes
Series of flattened membrane sacs (cisternae) 23

24. LYSOSOMES
Function: intracellular digestion; recycle cell’s materials; programmed cell death (apoptosis)
Contains hydrolytic enzymes 24

25. VACUOLES
Function: storage of materials (food, water, minerals, pigments, poisons)
Membrane-bound vesicles
Eg. food vacuoles, contractile vacuoles
Plants: large central vacuole -- stores water, ions 25

26. 26

27. 27

28. 28

29. Parts of plant & animal cell p 108-10929

30. 30

31. MITOCHONDRIA Function: site of cellular respiration
Double membrane: outer and inner membrane
Cristae: folds of inner membrane; contains enzymes for ATP production; increased surface area to ↑ ATP made
Matrix: fluid-filled inner compartment 31

32. CHLOROPLASTS Function: site of photosynthesis Double membrane
Thylakoid disks in stacks (grana); stroma (fluid)
Contains chlorophylls (pigments) for capturing sunlight energy 32

33. PEROXISOMES Functions: break down fatty acids; detox alcohol
Involves production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) 33

34. CYTOSKELETON: NETWORK OF PROTEIN FIBERS
Function: support, motility, regulate biochemical activities 34

35. 3 TYPES OF CYTOSKELETON FIBERS:
Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate Filaments
Protein = tubulin
Largest fibers
Shape/support cell
Track for organelle movement
Component of cilia/flagella
Protein = actin
Smallest fibers
Support cell on smaller scale
Cell movement
Eg. muscle cell contraction
Intermediate size
Permanent fixtures
Maintain shape of cell
Fix position of organelles

36. 3 TYPES OF CYTOSKELETON FIBERS:
Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate Filaments 36

37. CILIA & FLAGELLA Flagella: long and few; propel through water
Cilia: short and numerous; locomotion or move fluids 37

38. EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX Outside plasma membrane
Composed of glycoproteins (ex. collagen)
Function: Strengthens tissues and transmits external signals to cell 38

39. INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS (ANIMAL CELLS)
Tight junctions: 2 cells are fused to form watertight seal
Desmosomes: “rivets” that fasten cells into strong sheets
Gap junctions: channels through which ions, sugar, small molecules can pass 39

40. PLANT CELLS Cell wall: protect plant, maintain shape
Composed of cellulose
Plasmodesmata: channels between cells to allow passage of molecules 40

41. Plant Cells Only Animals Cells Only
Central vacuoles
Lysosomes
Chloroplasts
Centrioles
Cell wall of cellulose
Flagella, cilia
Plasmodesmata
Desmosomes, tight and gap junctions
Extracellular matrix (ECM) 41

42. 10/24
1. Name 3 organelles or cell structures and their function. 42

43. ENDOSYMBIONT THEORY Mitochondria & chloroplasts share similar origin
Prokaryotic cells engulfed by ancestors of eukaryotic cells
Evidence:
Double-membrane structure
Have own ribosomes & DNA
Reproduce independently within cell

44. CELL VIDEO 44

45. Do Now 10/24
Name 5 organelles or cell structures and their function.