1. Q.Q. 1/17/19 What does “genetic engineering” mean?
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2. Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
Photo credit: ©Anup Shah/Dembinsky Photo Associates
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Selective Breeding (Artificial Selection)
Purpose: Humans use selective breeding to pass desired traits on to the next generation of organisms.
Examples: Nearly all domestic animals and most crop plants have been produced by selective breeding.
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Selective Breeding
Hybrids 
individuals produced by such crosses, are often hardier than either of the parents.
Example: Pluot
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Another Hybrid Example: Mules and Ligers
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Manipulating DNA
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7. The Tools of Molecular Biology
Gel electrophoresis
Purpose: Separating DNA for various testing and manipulating
How it works: DNA is cut into fragments, placed at one end of a porous gel, and an electric voltage is applied to separate fragments by size.
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8. The Tools of Molecular Biology: Gel Electrophoresis
DNA plus restriction enzyme
Power source
Longer fragments
Shorter fragments
Mixture of DNA fragments
Gel
Gel electrophoresis is used to separate DNA fragments. First, restriction enzymes cut DNA into fragments. The DNA fragments are then poured into wells on a gel, which is similar to a thick piece of gelatin. An electric voltage moves the DNA fragments across the gel. Because longer fragments of DNA move through the gel more slowly, they do not migrate as far across the gel as shorter fragments of DNA. Based on size, the DNA fragments make a pattern of bands on the gel. These bands can then be compared with other samples of DNA. 
DNA Fingerprint
Animation
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9. Example of Use: Paternity Testing
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10. The Tools of Molecular Biology
Genetic Engineering
making changes in the DNA code of an organism.
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11. Transforming Bacteria
Genetic Engineering
Transformation
Purpose: To take DNA from outside the cell and integrate the information into a new cell’s DNA.
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12. Transforming Bacteria
Plasmid- small, circular DNA molecule found in some bacteria
Recombinant DNA- the newly integrated DNA of the old cell with the new cell’s
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13. Transforming Bacteria
* Example: gene for human insulin

14. GMO (genetically modified organism)
Genetic Engineering
Transgenic
an organism that contains DNA from an unrelated organism and was artificially introduced.
GMO (genetically modified organism)
Organism that had its genes altered through genetic engineering (added genes from other organisms, removed genes by genetic engineering means, etc)
The adult sheep is Dolly, the first mammal cloned from an adult cell. The lamb is Dolly’s first offspring, called Bonnie. The fact that Dolly was cloned did not affect her ability to produce a live offspring. Photo Credit: PA News

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Transgenic Organisms
Some benefits of transgenic species….
Transgenic bacteria produce important substances useful for health and industry.(i.e. human insulin and growth hormones)
Transgenic animals have been used to study genes and to improve the food supply.
Mice have been produced with human genes; allows scientists to study the effects of diseases on the human immune system.
Researchers are trying to produce transgenic chickens that will be resistant to the bacterial infections that can cause food poisoning.
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16. Bioluminescent gene from jelly fish inserted into pigs
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Transgenic Organisms
Transgenic Plants 
Transgenic plants are now an important part of our food supply.
Many of these plants contain a gene that produces a natural insecticide, so plants don’t have to be sprayed with pesticides.
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Cloning
Cloning
Process of creating an organism that has genetically identical cells of another organism from a single cell.
*In 1997, Ian Wilmut cloned a sheep called Dolly. Lived 7 years
Dolly and Bonnie
The adult sheep is Dolly, the first mammal cloned from an adult cell. The lamb is Dolly’s first offspring, called Bonnie. The fact that Dolly was cloned did not affect her ability to produce a live offspring. Photo Credit: PA News
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Cloning
Cloning Dolly “Clone Mimi the Mouse”
Donor Nucleus
Fused cell
Egg Cell
In early 1997, Dolly made headlines as the first clone of an adult mammal. 
Embryo
Cloned Lamb
Foster Mother
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Cloning
To Clone or Not to Clone??
Pros- Researchers hope cloning will enable them to make copies of transgenic animals and help save endangered species.
Cons- Studies suggest that cloned animals may suffer from a number of genetic defects and health problems.
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