1. Platyhelminthes Notes Flatworms and Tapeworms

3. What is a flatworm? Phylum Platyhelminthes
The least complex worms belong to this phylum.
These flatworms are acoelomates (which means they have no body cavities) and they have bilateral symmetry.
They have thin, solid bodies.
They live in oceans and freshwater and also in moist habitats on land.
The most well-known members of this phylum are the parasitic tapeworms and flukes, which cause disease in other animals, including humans.
The most commonly studied flatworms are planarians.

4. A. Nervous System (planarian)
Most of the nervous system is located in the head.

5. Nervous System
Some flatworms have a nerve net, and others have the beginnings of a central nervous system.

6. Nervous System
The planarian nervous system includes two nerve cords that run the length of the body.
It also includes eyespots that can detect the presence or absence of light.

7. Nervous System
It also has sensor cells that can detect chemicals and movement in the water.
At the anterior end of the nerve cord is a small swelling called a ganglion.
This receives messages from the eyespots and sensory pits and communicates to the rest of the body.

8. B. Reproduction (planarian)
Planarians are hermaphrodites.
During sexual reproduction, individual planarians exchange sperm, which travel along tubes to reach the eggs.
Fertilization occurs internally.
The zygotes are released in capsules into the water, where they hatch into tiny planarians.
Asexual reproduction involves regeneration, which is the replacement or regrowth of missing body parts.

10. C. Feeding/Digestion (planarian)
Planarians feed on dead or slow-moving organisms.
It extends a tube-like, muscular organ called a pharynx out of its mouth.
Enzymes released by this structure begin digesting the food outside the planarian’s body.
Food particles are sucked into the digestive tract, where they are broken up.

12. D. Feeding/Digestion (parasitic flatworms)
These flatworms are adapted to obtaining nutrients from inside the bodies of one or two hosts.
These parasites have mouthparts with hooks that keep the worm firmly attached inside the host.
Because they are surrounded by nutrients, they do not need to move to find food.

13. E. Tapeworm Bodies
The body of a tapeworm is made up of a knob-shaped head called a scolex.
The body also has detachable, individual sections called proglottids.
This section contains muscles, nerves, flame cells, and male/female reproductive organs.
The flame cells help remove excess water.
Each proglottid can contain up to 100,000 eggs.
Some adult tapeworms that live in animal intestines can be more than 10 meters in length.

18. F. Fluke Life Cycle
A fluke is a parasitic flatworm that spends part of its life in internal organs of a vertebrate (ex. Human, sheep).
It feeds on cells, blood, and other fluids from the host.

19. Fluke Life Cycle
Flukes have complex life cycles that can include one, two, or more hosts.

20. Flukes
Blood flukes from the genus Schistosoma cause a disease in humans called schistosomiasis.
This is common in countries where rice is grown.
Farmers have to work in standing water in rice fields during planting and harvesting.

21. Classes in Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Turbellaria: planarians
Convoluta
Macrostomum lineare
Stylochus zebra

22. Class Turbellaria
Convoluta

23. Class Turbellaria
Macrostomum lineare

24. Class Turbellaria
Stylochus zebra

25. Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Monogenea
Gyrodactylus elegans
Diplozoan paradoxum

26. Class Monogenea
Gyrodactylus elegans

27. Class Monogenea
Diplozoan paradoxum

28. Class Monogenea
Polystoma

29. Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Trematoda
Schistosoma mansoni
Non-schistosomes

30. Class Trematoda
Schistosoma mansoni

31. Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Cestoidea