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PowerPoint Presentations for
Seventh Edition
Philip G. Zimbardo Robert L. Johnson Vivian McCann
Prepared by
Beth M. Schwartz
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2. Biopsychology, Neuroscience, and Human Nature
Chapter 2
Biopsychology, Neuroscience, and Human Nature
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law.  The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.
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What is Biopsychology?
The specialty in psychology that studies the interaction of biology, behavior, and mental processes
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What is neuroscience?
Focuses on how the brain produces mental processes and behavior
Interdisciplinary field
psychologists
biologists
computer scientists
chemists
neurologists
linguists
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5. How Are Genes and Behavior Linked?
Evolution has fundamentally shaped psychological processes because it favors genetic variations that produce adaptive behavior
Key Question 2.1: How are genes and behaviors linked?
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6. Darwin and Natural Selection
5 years surveying the coastline of South America
Radical idea about relationship among species
All creatures, including humans, share a common ancestry
On the Origin of Species (1859)
Natural selection – Individuals best adapted to the environment are more likely to flourish and reproduce
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Genes and Inheritance
Genotype – An organism’s genetic makeup; What makes you different from anyone else.
Phenotype – An organism’s observable physical characteristics, including your visible traits and biological traits.
Evolution has fundamentally shaped psychological processes
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8. Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA
Genome –
The complete set of genetic information contained within a cell
DNA – A long, complex molecule that encodes genetic characteristics
Genes – The functional units of a chromosome composed of nucleotides
Genetics and inheritance
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9. Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA
Chromosomes – Tightly coiled threadlike structures along which the genes are organized
Sex chromosomes – The X and Y chromosomes that determine our physical sex characteristics
Genetics and inheritance
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10. Genetic Explanations for Psychological Processes
Intelligence
Personality
Mental disorders
Sexual orientation
Reading and language abilities
-Influence of multiple genes on psychological processes
-Never attribute psychological characteristics to genetics alone
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11. Choosing Your Children’s Genes
Interesting questions to address:
If you could select three genetic traits for your children, which ones would you select?
If a biological child of your had a life-threatening illness, would you attempt to conceive a “savior sibling? Why or why not?
If you knew you might carry a gene responsible for a serious medical or behavior disorder, would you want to be tested before having children?
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12. How Does the Body Communicate Internally?
The brain coordinates the body’s two communication systems, the nervous system and the endocrine system, which uses chemical processes to communicate with targets throughout the body
Key Question 2.2: How does the brain communicate internally?
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13. The Body’s Dual Communication System
Neurons (Nerve cells): Cell specialized to receive and transmit information to other cells in the body.
Nervous system: network of neurons that extends all through the body
Endocrine system: a group of glands that operates together and in parallel with the nervous system
How does the body communicate internally?
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The Neuron
Types of Neurons:
Sensory neurons (carry messages from sense receptors towards the CNS)
Motor neurons (carry messages from CNS toward muscles and glands)
Interneurons (carry messages between nerve cells)
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15. The Structure of a Neuron
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The Neural Impulse
Resting potential
Action potential
All-or-none principal
Synapse
Terminal buttons
Synaptic transmission
Neurotransmitters
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Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters – Chemical messengers that relay neural messages across the synapse.
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18. Seven Important Neurotransmitters
Dopamine
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Acetylcholine
GABA
Glutamine
Endorphins
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19. Schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease
Neurotransmitters
Normal Function:
Used in brain circuits that produces sensations of pleasure and reward; used by CNS neurons in voluntary movement
Dopamine
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Problems with Imbalance:
Schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease
Acetylcholine
GABA
Substances that Affect:
Cocaine, Amphetamines, Methylphenidate (Ritalin), Alcohol
Glutamine
Endorphins
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20. Depression, certain anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder
Neurotransmitters
Normal Function:
Regulates sleep and dreaming, mood, pain, aggression, appetite and sexual behavior
Dopamine
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Problems with Imbalance:
Depression, certain anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder
Acetylcholine
GABA
Substances that Affect:
Fluoxetine (Prozac), Hallucinogenics (e.g. LSD)
Glutamine
Endorphins
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21. High blood pressure, depression
Neurotransmitters
Normal Function:
Controls heart rate, sleep, sexual responsiveness, stress, vigilance and appetite
Dopamine
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Problems with Imbalance:
High blood pressure, depression
Acetylcholine
GABA
Substances that Affect:
Tricyclic antidepressants, beta-blockers
Glutamine
Endorphins
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22. Certain muscular disorders, Alzheimer’s disease
Neurotransmitters
Normal Function:
Primary transmitter used by efferent neurons carrying messages from CNS; Involved in some kinds of learning and memory
Dopamine
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Problems with Imbalance:
Certain muscular disorders, Alzheimer’s disease
Acetylcholine
GABA
Substances that Affect:
Nicotine, Botulism toxin, Curare, Atropine, Barbiturates
Glutamine
Endorphins
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23. Most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in neurons of CNS
Neurotransmitters
Normal Function:
Most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in neurons of CNS
Dopamine
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Problems with Imbalance:
Anxiety, Epilepsy
Acetylcholine
GABA
Substances that Affect:
“Minor” tranquilizers (e.g. Valium, Librium), Alcohol
Glutamine
Endorphins
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24. Excess causes brain damage after stroke
Neurotransmitters
Normal Function:
Primary excitatory neurotransmitter in CNS; Involved in learning and memory
Dopamine
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Problems with Imbalance:
Excess causes brain damage after stroke
Acetylcholine
GABA
Substances that Affect:
PCP (“angel dust”)
Glutamine
Endorphins
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25. Pleasurable sensations and control of pain
Neurotransmitters
Dopamine
Normal Function:
Pleasurable sensations and control of pain
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Problems with Imbalance:
Lowered levels resulting from opiate addiction
Acetylcholine
GABA
Substances that Affect:
Opiates: opium, heroin, morphine, methadone
Glutamine
Endorphins
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Plasticity
Plasticity – Ability of the nervous system to adapt or change as the result of experience; sometimes helps the nervous system adapt to physical damage
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Glial Cells
Glial cells
Provide structural support for neurons
Help in forming new synapses
Form myelin sheath
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28. Organization of the Nervous System
Figure 2.4
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29. Contralateral Connections
Insert Figure 2.5 here
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30. Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
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The Endocrine System
(the body’s chemical messenger system)
Insert figure 2.7 here to replace this older figure from 6th edition
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The Endocrine System
Pituitary gland –
master gland that regulates the endocrine glands.
Regulates many basic functions of the body
Controlled by the hypothalamus
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33. Serotonin Pathways in the Brain
Insert figure 2.8 here
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34. How Does the Brain Produce Behavior and Mental Processes?
The brain is composed of many specialized modules that work together to create mind and behavior
Key Question 2.3: How does the brain produce behavior and mental processes?
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Windows on the Brain
EEG (electroencephalograph) – Device for recording brain waves, typically by electrodes placed on the scalp
Brain waves – Patterns of electrical activity generated by the brain
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Windows on the Brain
Computerized brain scans –
CT scanning (computerized tomography)
PET scanning (positron emission tomography)
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)
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Windows on the Mind
Insert Figure 2.9 here
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38. Three Layers of the Brain
Brain stem and cerebellum
Drive vital functions, such as heart rate, breathing, digestion
Limbic system
Adds emotions, complex motives, increased memory abilities
Cerebrum
Enables reasoning, planning, creating, problem solving
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Figure 2.10
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The Limbic System
Replace slides 40 to 42 with Figure 2.11 in chapter.
Hippocampus – Involved in establishing long-term memories
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The Limbic System
Amygdala – Involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression
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The Limbic System
Hypothalamus – Serves as the brain’s blood-testing laboratory, constantly monitors blood to determine the condition of the body
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Cerebrum – Topmost layer of the brain; the bulbous cap over the limbic system
Cerebral cortex – Thin gray-matter covering of the cerebrum; carries on thinking and perceiving
Cerebral hemispheres – The two walnut shaped halves of the cerebrum, connected by the corpus callosum
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44. The Four Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex
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45. The Motor Cortex and the Somatosensory Cortex
Insert Figure 2.13
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46. Recently Discovered Mirror Neurons
Class of neurons that fire in response to observation of another person’s actions or emotions
Neurons fire as if we had performed the same act ourselves
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Cerebral Dominance
Cerebral dominance
Tendency of each brain hemisphere to exert control over different functions
Language and Communication
The left hemisphere usually dominates
Spatial orientation
Process of locating one’s body or other objects in space
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48. Complimentary Processing Styles
Two hemispheres do not compete
Each contribute to the same task
Left hemisphere: Analytic, sequential
Right hemisphere: Holistic, emotional, spatial
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The Split Brain
Split-brain patients – Individuals who have had the corpus callosum surgically severed
Duality of consciousness – Condition in which a split-brain patient has a separate consciousness in each hemisphere
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50. Testing a Split-Brain Patient50
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51. Contralateral Effects of Damage to the Cerebral Hemispheres
Insert Figure 2.17 here
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