1. The Writers of The Writers of the “Lost Generation”
Chapter Eleven.
The Writers of
The Writers of
the “Lost Generation”
the “Lost Generation”
Our presentation today will be on  “The Writers of the “Lost Generation” of chapter eleven.
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2. In slide, this figure shows a summary of some about Lost Generation.

3. Contents Background Key Terms American expatriate writers and works 10
Let us first take a look at the contents of the presentation.
First content is background about this chapter. Second, I will take a look at the key terms in advance. Lastely, I will learn about American expatriate writers and works. 10

4. Background Lost Generation Post World War I period Ernest Hemingway
describes the generation of writers active immediately
after World War I
The phrase was coined by Gertrude Stein
(spoken to Hemingway)
Post World War I period
Many young people in the post-World War Ⅰ period “lost”
their American ideals.
At the same time America “lost” many fine young writers
In 1929, American’s economy collapsed.
(starting the Great Depression)
Gertrude Stein
“ That is what you are. That’s
what you all are …all of you
people who served in the war.
You are a lost generation.”
Ernest Hemingway
“You are all a lost generation.” [with credit to Gertrude Stein]
During the 1920's a group of writers known as "The Lost Generation" gained popularity. The "Lost Generation" is a term used to refer to the generation, actually an age cohort, that came of age during World War I. The term was popularized by Ernest Hemingway who used it as one of two contrasting epigraphs for his novel, "The Sun Also Rises." In that volume Hemingway credits the phrase to Gertrude Stein, who was then his mentor and patron.
In "A Movable Feast," which was published after Hemingway and Stein had had a famous feud and fallen apart, and indeed after they were both dead, Hemingway reveals that the phrase was actually originated by the garage owner who repaired Stein's car. When a young mechanic failed to repair the car in a way satisfactory to Stein the owner had shouted at him, "You are all a generation perdue." [1] Stein, in telling Hemingway the story added, "That is what you are. That's what you all are...All of you young people who served in the war. You are a lost generation."
Many young people in the post-World War Ⅰ period “lost” their American ideals. At the same time America “lost” many fine young writers. In 1929, American’s economy collapsed. (starting the Great Depression)
And at the time, People's lives filled “the fear of poverty and the worshilp of success.”

5. Key Terms materialistic : symbolism : realism : stoicism :
enjoying the pleasures that money can
buy, not matters of the mind or spirit.
an object or reference used to provide
meaning to the writing beyond what is
essentially being described.
a style of art and literature that seeks to
represent the familiar or typical in real
Life, rather than an idealized, formalized,
or romantic interpretation of it.
patience and courage when suffering.
Indifference to pleasure or pain;
impassiveness.
In the following terms, symbolism is an object or reference used to provide meaning to the writing beyond what is essentially being described. It can be restrained or obvious, used cautiously or heavy-handedly.
And stoicism mentioned in Hemingway work characteristics is patience and courage when suffering.

6. Writers of “Lost Generation”
Three best known writers
1. F.Scott Fitzgerald
2. Ernest Hemingway
3. John Dos Passos
Three best known writers of “Lost Generation” are Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway and John Dos Passos.

7. F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896 – 1940) was born in 1896 in Saint Paul,
“ All the stories that came into my head had a touch of disaster in them”
(1896 – 1940)
was born in 1896 in Saint Paul,
Minnesota, to an upper-middle
-class family.
educated at Princeton University
a part of the best society
an army lieutenant in 1917 `
Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald, one of Three best known writers, was born of rich parents in the Mid West in 1896 and educated at Princeton University. In 1917, he became a fashionable army lieutenant, but he was never sent to fight in Europe.

8. Fitzgerald’s works This Side of Paradise (1920)
Fitzgerald’s best books form a kind of spiritual history
of the “Lost Generation”
His fiction was extremely popular in the twenties because It was modern and easy to read.
This Side of Paradise (1920)
Fitzgerald's first novel
describes this new generation
(in the post-World War Ⅰ)
Through this work, he becomes
a famous novelist (24)
As Group member of Lost Generation, Fitzgerald’s best books form a kind of a spiritual history of the “Lost Generation”. And his fiction was extremely popular in the twenties because it was modern and easy to read.
<This Side of Paradise> is his first novel. It made him a famous novelist.

9. The Great Gatsby (1925) one of the great twentieth-century novels
the glamor and the moral ugliness of the twenties
“a symbolist tragedy”
combines symbolism with
psychological realism
symbolizes the American belief
that money can buy love and
happiness.
<The Great Gatsby> is considered by many critics to be one of the great twentieth-century novels. And according to one critic, It is “a symbolist tragedy”. Through the eyes of Nick Carraway, the narrator, we see both the glamor and the moral ugliness of the twenties. One of work characteristic is to combine symbolism with psychological realism.

10. Babylon Revisited (1931) The Crack-Up (1945)
one of his best late short stories
describes the Lost Generation after its moral and economic collapse.
The Crack-Up (1945)
<Babylon Revisited>, One of his best late short stories, describes the Lost Generation after its moral and economic collapse. And <The Crack-up> is published after his death. He described himself problems experienced during the Great Depression.
published in 1945, after his death
describes the Great Depression
(1929) of troubles.

11. “The language controls emotions-stoicism”
Ernest Hemingway
“The language controls emotions-stoicism”
( )
His economical and understated style had a strong influence on 20th-centrury fiction.
His life of adventure and his public image influenced later generations.
He drove an ambulance in World War I .
Many of his works are considered classics of American literature.
He committed suicide with his favorite hunting gun in the summer of 1961.
Second writer Ernest Hemingway also spoke for the Lost Generation. He drove an ambulance on World War Ⅰ and then decided to stay in Paris and become a writer. His life of adventure and his public image influenced later generations. And he committed suicide with his favorite hunting gun in the summer of 1961.

12. Hemingway’s work characteristic
The simple style and careful structuring of Hemingway’s fiction is famous.
The aim of style was “get the most out of the least”
Hemingway’s sentences are usually short and simple.
Only rarely does he use adjectives.
He will sometimes repeat a key phrase to emphasize his theme.
The language controls emotions. : it holds them in.
The aim of this language is to suggest a kind of stoicism.
* stoicism : the main theme in Hemingway’s stories
Then, Hemingway’s works characteristics are many types. First, his fiction is the simple style and careful structuring. The aim of his style was to “get the most out of the least”. So, his sentences are usually short and simple. Also, only rarely does he use adjectives and sometimes repeats a key phrase to emphasize his theme.
The language is rarely emotional. Its aim is to suggest a kind of stoicism. It often the main theme in Hemingway’s stories.

13. Hemingway’s works The Sun Also Rises (1926) A Farewell to Arms (1929)
a portrait of young adults in
the post-war era.
in our time (1924) and Men Without Women (1927)
Early short story collections
Carefully mix psychological
realism with symbolism.
Hemingway's first novel was <The Sun Also Rises>. It is a portrait of young adults in the post-war ear.
And <in our time> and Men without Women> are his early short story collections. They carefully mix psychological realism with symbolism and are very easy to read. Another work <A Farewell to Arms> is famous anti-war love story.
A Farewell to Arms (1929)
famous anti-war love story
uses nature symbolically

14. The Old Man and the Sea (1952)
a strong work
The themes are heroism, stoicism and ceremony
short, simple novel
a beautiful allegory of human life
received the Pulitzer Prize in 1952
awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature
The Other Works
<The Old Man and the Sea> is the last major work of fiction published in Hemingway's lifetime. The story of this novel is that an old Cuban fisherman catches a huge fish after a long, patient fight. Its themes are heroism, stoicism and ceremony. Hemingway won the Pulitzer Prize in 1952 and the Novel Prize in 1954 in Literature for “The Old Man and the Sea”.
Here are the other works. <For whom the Bell Tolls> of them deepens idea into a moral system.
Big Two-Hearted River (1925)
To Have and Have Not (1937)
For whom the Bell Tolls (1940)
Across the River and into the Tress (1950)

15. “the modern, post-war world as ugly and dirty”
John Dos Passos
“the modern, post-war world as ugly and dirty”
(1896 – 1970)
He was born in Chicago, Illinois, in 1896.
He graduate Harvard College in 1916.
He was a radical American novelist and artist active in the first half of the twentieth century.
Like Hemingway, he rove an ambulance in World War Ⅰ.
His style is fast-moving and unemotional.
John Dos Passos was born in Chicago in 1896 and graduate Harvard College in 1916.
He was a radical American novelist and artist active in the first half of the twentieth century.
Like Hemingway, he drove an ambulance in World War Ⅰ.

16. John Dos Passos’s works
One Man’s Initiation (1920)
the first American novel about World War
It is rather emotional, and is filled with
hatred for all war.
Three Soldiers (1921)
In 1920, he published his first novel, <One Man's Initiation> based on wartime experiences. It is rather emotional, and is filled with hatred for all war. And <Three Soldiers> is less personal and has a broader, more historical view. It shows war as a huge machine which destroys individuals.
less personal and a broader, more historical view
It tells several different stories at the same time

17. Manhattan Transfer (1925) → Dos Passos’s first successful “modernist”
novel
→ Covering the period from 1900 to World
War, it describes the daily lives of a large
number of New Yorkers.
→ Many characters often talk in a special
poetic.
→ Dos Passos has been influenced by the
techniques of the movie :
“montage techniques”
<Manhattan Transfer> is first successful “modernist” novel. Covering the period from 1900 to World War Ⅰ, It describes the daily lives of a large number of New Yorkers. John Dos Passos uses the “montage techniques” as these directors increased the power of their movies by breaking up the usual flow of action into little pieces. And It tried to show the purposelessness of history.

18. U.S.A (1930) 1. The 42nd Parallel (1930) 2. 1919 (1932)
3.The Big Money (1936)
Lastly , he published the first volume of his great USA trilogy: The 42nd Parallel (1930), 1919 (1932) and The Big Money (1936). The trilogy tries to show how individual are part of the history of the age in which they live.
All three books use movie techniques to tell the history of the entire nation in the early twentieth century.

19. Other among the lists are :
William Faulkner ( )
Its strong dislike for the post-war world and its belief in the value of art.
William Faulkner was born in 1897.
He shared two things with the Lost Generation.
He uses “continuous present” style.
He was given the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1950.
→ Absalom, Absalom! (1936)
William Faulkner was born on September 25, 1897, and began to write poetry as a teenager. He was an indifferent student, and dropped out of high school when he was fifteen. During World War I, he joined the Canadian Royal Flying Corps.

20. William Faulkner ‘s works
Soldier's Pay (1926)
Mosquitoes (1927)
Sartoris (1929)
The Sound and the Fury (1929)
Sanctuary (1931)
Light in August (1932)
Absalom, Absalom! (1936)
The Bear (1942)
A Fable (1954)
The Town (1957)
The Reivers (1962)
Here are some of William Faulkner’s works. From among these, William won the Pulitzer Prize for “A Fable” and “The Reivers” . ↑
the Pulitzer Prize

21. Edward Estlin Cummings (1894-1962)
I hate the large, powerful forces in modern life and dislike the coldness of sciences.
The most joyful poet of the Lost Generation
Loved to break the traditional poem into unusual bits and pieces.
Central themes of his poetry are courage and love.
Edward Estlin Cummings was the most joyful poet of the Lost Generation. His first work was a novel about the war, “The Enormous Room”. Central theme of his work was courage and love. And he uses warm, human images to at tack science.
OK! We would like to wrap up our presentation! Thank you for kind listening
Works :
The Enormous Room (1922)
E (1925)
Sic nonlectures (1952)