1. Ch. 13
Frontiers in Genetics

2. Biotech./DNA Tech.
The field of science where the genome of an organism is researched/altered/used for a benefit (to us)
Food,feed,drugs,diagnostic kits, gene therapy, etc…

3. Bacteria - Plasmids Bacteria have little sections of DNA – Plasmids
Plasmids may be exchanged from one bacteria to another – Antibiotic Resistance
We use this to our benefit
Insert the gene we want into a plasmid
Insert it into the bacteria
It clones and passes the plasmid
It also passes the plasmid to other bacteria

4. Cut and Paste Restriction Enzymes = Cut DNA Ligase = Paste
By using specific restriction enzymes we are able to cut where we want.
DNA ligase will paste the section of DNA into the desired spot (so long as the bases match up)

5. Bacterial Clones
Since bacteria are good at making clones of themselves, we can build libraries of the clones.
Some of the “books” have info we don’t want in the plasmid.

6. So now you have all of these different clones
Now what do you do?
Radioactive markers.
You need to know at least some of the code for the gene you want.
Insert a complimentary strand of DNA (radioactive) so it can find the strand you want.
Now the bacteria with those genes are identified.

7. How can we use this?
Take a couple of minutes and discuss how can we use this technology.
List some possibilities
List some problems
We will discuss it in ~10 minutes.

8. Ch. 13 Cont.
Genetically modified organism (GMO)- A organism that has had it’s genotype altered artificially (in at least one way).

9. Genetically Modified Organisms GMO’s
So, What is easier to modify, a plant or animal?
Using Recombinant DNA for plants.
They must create a Genomic Library and then identify the desired outcome.
This is NOT always a quick process!!!!!
Animals you have to “test-tube” fertilize.
So what types of things can you modify plants for?

10. Pest Resistance - Bacillus thuringiensis
Herbicide Resistance – Moncanto and Soy Beans
Cold Resistance – Fish to Tomato
Disease Resistance
Nutrition
Pharmaceuticals

12. Any Negatives? Unintended Harm to other organisms
Reduced effectiveness to of pesticides
Unintended transfer of genes to non targeted species.
SUPERWEEDS
What else?

14. Transgenic
If the GMO received the new material (gene) from a different species.
Mice + Cow = Annie

15. Gene Mass Production
PCR (polymerase chain reaction – The mass production of DNA
Can be done in a test tube!
Can be engineered to copy specific genes
Works very fast (billions in hours)
Rare DNA ban be copied

16. Electrophoresis – DNA by length
Use restriction enzymes to chop up some DNA (code specific)
The pieces of DNA are then separated by length.