1. Cellular Membrane
Chapter 3 in textbook

2. Unit 2 Goals
2.1 Describe the structure and function of all organelles of an animal cell including the plasma membrane
2.2 Differentiate between isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions and how cells respond to each
2.3 Explain the mechanisms for both active and passive transport systems
2.4 Understand that all of the body’s processes occur at the cellular level
2.5 Understand that maintaining a cell’s boundaries is vital to life
2.6 Define the 4 major tissue types and their functions
2.7 Describe the specific structure and function of each tissue within the 4 major tissue categories
2.8 Identify the steps to tissue repair
2.9 Define tissue & their relationship to organs
2.10 Apply the structure and function of tissues to the organs we’ll study in detail in future units

3. Cellular/Plasma Membrane
Separates cell contents from the surrounding environment
Very dynamic in many cellular activities
**Remember: All processes within the body are actually cellular processes!!

4. Plasma Membrane Structure

5. Plasma Membrane Structure
Phospholipids
Proteins in the membrane can be:
Receptors for hormones
Specialized channels to transport materials
Carriers that bind to substances and carry them through the lipid bilayer.

6. Plasma Membrane Structure
Glycoproteins
Sugar clusters attached to proteins
Determines blood type
Receptors for bacteria, viruses and toxins
Cholesterol
Stabilizes membrane and keeps it fluid

7. Cell Physiology Cells metabolize: use nutrients to build new materials
break down substances
make ATP
digest foods
dispose of waste
reproduce
grow
move and respond to stimuli

8. Membrane Transport
Intracellular Fluid – a solution within the cells containing small amounts of gases, nutrients & salts (solute) all dissolved in water (solvent).
Intercellular/Interstitial Fluid – the solution surrounding the cells, derived from blood, very nutritious (amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins), also contains hormones, salts and waste products and all dissolved in water (solvent). Exchanges with the cell occur here.

9. Membrane Transport How do substances move into and out of the cell?
The cell membrane is Selectively Permeable: it allows some substances into the cell.
How do substances move into and out of the cell?
Passive Transport
2. Active Transport

10. Membrane Transport
Passive Transport – substances move into or out of the cell down the concentration gradient not requiring energy.
Diffusion – movement of gases, & other substances
2. Osmosis - movement of water (hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic solutions)

11. Membrane Transport
Active Transport – substances move into or out of the cell against the concentration gradient which requires energy.
Ion pumps
Large molecules
Chemical composition

12. Histology The study of…..? Tissues Definitions: Lacking a blood supply
Avascular:
Innervated:
Tissues
Lacking a blood supply
Has a nerve supply

13. 4 Major Types of Tissue Names and Functions:
Epithelial: protects, secretes, absorbs & forms boundaries
Connective: supports & protects
Muscular: contracts
Nervous: transmits impulses

14. Epithelial Tissue Special characteristics: Avascular Innervated
Cells fit closely, forming continuous sheets
Regenerates quickly with sufficient nourishment
Examples: Skin, membranes that line organs and cavities & glands (endocrine& exocrine).

15. Epithelial Classification
By Shape
By Layers

16. Epithelial Tissue

17. Connective Tissue Special Characteristics:
Living cells surrounded by a non-living extracellular matrix which varies the rigidity of connective tissue from solid to liquid
Some vascularized, others not
Most abundant tissue in the body

18. Connective Tissue Types
Bone – solid matrix, well vascularized, heals well.
Blood – liquid matrix
Cartilage – matrix more rubbery, heals slowly, not well vascularized.
Adipose (fat)
Tendons and ligaments (heal slowly)

19. Connective Tissue

20. Muscle Tissue Special characteristics:
Highly cellular, well vascularized
Muscle cell = muscle fiber

21. Muscle Tissue
3 types:
Skeletal muscle: voluntary, attached to bones; causes movement & expressions
Cardiac: involuntary; contract to propel blood through vessels
Smooth: lines walls of hollow organs; propels substances through organs

22. Muscle Tissue

23. Nervous Tissue Generates and conducts nervous impulses.
Makes up the nervous system: neurons, brain and spinal chord.

25. Tissue Repair
Tissue Repair is dependant on severity of injury and type of tissue damaged
Regeneration: replacement of destroyed tissue with the same tissue
Fibrosis: replacement of destroyed tissue with fibrous connective tissue (scar tissue)

26. Specific Tissue Repair
Regenerates well
Epithelium, fibrous connective tissue and bone
Regenerates poorly
Skeletal muscle, cardiac tissue, nervous tissue
Scar tissue
Strong, lacks flexibility, unable to perform normal functions