1. Globalization in Higher Education Motohisa Kaneko (University of Tsukuba)
International Symposium
New Directions in Higher Education
for the Development of Global Human Resources
Launching AIMS Program in Japan –
Organized by
University of Tsukuba and SEAMEO-RIHED
21 February Tsukuba

2. １．International Flow of Students
Outline
　　　１．International Flow of Students
２.　Why International Exchange is Important
　　３．The Role of Regional Cooperation

3. Student flow in the world (in millions)
Source: OECD Education at a Glance 2013

4. Mechanism of expansion
Three factors
Expansion of Student Mobility
Demand
Students
Supply
Higher Education Institutions
Platforms of
Student Exchange

5. Supply Governmental policies to attract foreign students
Mutual understanding, International aid
Attraction of talents
Economic interests
Institutional motivation
Academic altruism
Spirit of university
Economic interest
Tuition fees
UK and Australia
Enrichment of educational program

6. Economic incentive to HE institutions
Former British Common Wealth
U.K. in 2008
Tuition revenue from foreign students accounts for 9 percent
About half of the tuition revenue from domestic or EU students
Australia
Tuition revenue accounts for 17 percent
Third in export
Australia: Income of HE institutions by source (%)
Source: Australian Government, Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations, 2009 Higher Education Finance Report. Table 1

7. Demand Three types of incentive 1. Catch-up 2. Economic incentive
To absorb advanced knowledge
Limited supply of domestic HE institutions
2. Economic incentive
Foreign degrees lead to better employment
Employment opportunity in host country
3. Enrichment of experience
Cultural/social exposure
Short exchange program

8. 3. Educational Enrichment
Shift in the demand
Demand for studying abroad
3. Educational Enrichment
1. Catch-up
2. Economic Incentive
Economic Development

9. Why the demands expanded
Middle income countries
Economic development
Increases in household income
Financial capacity to send children overseas
Increases in type 1 and type 2 demands
High income countries
Rising interests in international exposure

10. Study abroad from the U.S.
２．４ fold increase in 10 years
出所：　US Dept. of Education. Digest of Education Statistics Table 225.

11. Japan in the global student mobility
Outbound driven
Germany, France
EU framework
Inbound driven
U.S., U.K., Australia
English speaking
Japan
Low both in inbound and outbound
Source: OECD Education at a Glance 2012, Table C4.5

12. Stagnating mobility Inbound students Outbound Increased through 2000s
63% are from China
Excess demands in China
Likely to diminish
Outbound
Started to decline since early 2000s
Those to the US has become one-half
Increase in other destinations
Source: JASSO and School Basic Survey, various years

13. １．International Flow of Students
Outline
　　　１．International Flow of Students
２.　Why International Exchange is Important
　　３．The Role of Regional Cooperation

14. Why international exchange is important to Japan
Trap that Japan has fallen in
Catch-up demand - diminishing
Economic incentive – small and stagnating
Educational enrichment – still small
Issue
Promoting educational enrichment
Why educational enrichment is vital
Globalization
Institutional revitalization of universities and colleges
Universalization of higher education
Changing experiences and motivation of the students

15. Universalization of higher education
Participation Rates
All types of higher ducation
72 %
4-year universities and colleges 50 %
Universalization
Massification

16. Changing students Declining maturity Ambiguity in aspiration
Lack of social experiences
CRUMP 2007 National Student Survey,

17. College grads seen by personnel officers
Personal is regarded to be most lacking
Maturity
Interpersonal skill
Logical thinking
Reading/writing
Sufficient ← 　　→ Insufficient
CRUMP Survey on personnel officers N = 8,157　　

18. Effects of studying abroad
Percent changes in dependent variables by experience of studying abroad.
Beta coefficient from regression analysis. Indicated values are significant at 99 percent level
Humanities
Engineering
Health-related
Hours spent for studying
.119
.048
.038
Partici-pation
●Participated in group work/
.107
.077
.05
Compe-tence
●Knowledge in Specialty
.078
.043
●Problems solving
.071
.059
.037
Percep-tion
●Unclear about future career
-　.025
●Satisfied with university life
-　.028
-　.034
Source: Calculated from CRUMP Student Survey N= ３８，３３６

19. Time spent for self-directed learning by experience of studying abroad
Students’ evaluation of experiences of studying abroad (%)
Source: CRUMP Student Survey N=45,399

20. Why studying abroad is important
Problems of HE
Erosion of classical identity formation
Prolonged protected childhood
Cultural/value universalization
Diffused identity
Decline of traditional career paths
Difficulty in establishing career prospects
Studying abroad
Exposure to different culture/society
Crisis and forced adjustment
Experience of diversity and change
Need to seek own identity
Ability/willingness
To accept changing working environment
To work people from different backgrounds

21. １．International Flow of Students
Outline
　　　１．International Flow of Students
２.　Why International Exchange is Important
　　３．The Role of Regional Cooperation

22. Breaking the trap Recent moves in HE reform Government policies
Incentives to renovate educational practices
Financial incentives to promote internationalizaiton
Institutional level
Changes in educational practices
Still in the process
Expansion of outbound students
Accommodation of inbound students
Formation of multiple platforms
Regional framework

23. Mechanism of expansion
Three factors
Expansion of Student Mobility
Demand
Students
Supply
Higher Education Institutions
Platforms of
Student Exchange

24. Patterns of mobility Hub Regional otehrs Hub Regional Regional
US, UK, Australia
Regional
EU - ERASMUS
Regional
East, South-East
Asia

25. Distribution by pattern
N. Of Students
（％）
Hub
U.S.
624,474
18.7
U.K., Australia, Canada, New Zealand
717,029
21.4
Regional EU
359,671
10.8
East Asia
216,359
6.5
Others
1,425,558
42.6
Total
3,343,092
100.0
About 40 percnet
Small relative to population
Source: tabulated from OECD Education Outloook 2007

26. The roles of regional frameworks
Europe
ERASMUS project
Setting the target , Government policies, subsidies
Bologna Process
Standardization of diploma
Expansion of mobility
Lesson
The need of government initiative
Institutional response is critical
Changes in motivation and perspectives of the students
Regional framework in East and South-East Asia
Still immature
Large potential

27. Conclusion and prospects
Changing concept of “studying abroad”
a part of educational program
to enhance student engagement through international experiences
Combined expansion of inbound and outbound mobility
Institutional reforms
Design of joint exchange programs
Pedagogy and curriculum
Reforms in organizational structure
Strategic roles of regional framework
Facilitates regular mobility
Reduces risks
Promote reforms in participating institutions

28. Questions and Comments Please