1. Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (8th Ed)
Learning
Chapter 8

2. Learning
Learning
relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience
Free Willy

3. Learning
Keiko—the killer whale of Free Willy fame—had all the right genes for being dropped right back into his Icelandic home waters. But lacking life experience, he required caregivers to his life’s end in a Norwegian fjord.
Free Willy

4. Association We learn by association Associative Learning
Our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence
Stated by Aristotle 2000 years ago
And echoed by John Locke and David Hume 200 years ago
Associative Learning
learning that two events occur together
two stimuli (classical conditioning)
a response and its consequences (operant conditioning)

5. Learning to associate two events
Association
Sea World
Learning to associate two events

6. Classical Conditioning
We learn to associate two stimuli
Reflex

7. Operant Conditioning Controlled Response
We learn to associate a response and its consequences
Controlled Response
Note: Consequence does NOT have to = negative!!

8. Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Russian physician/ neurophysiologist
Nobel Prize in 1904
studied digestive secretions

9. Classical Conditioning
organism comes to associate two stimuli
a neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus
UCS = UCR 
NS  UCS = UCR 
CS = CR

10. Pavlov’s Classic Experiment
Before Conditioning
UCS (food
in mouth)
Neutral
stimulus
(tone)
UCR
(salivation) No
salivation
During Conditioning
After Conditioning
UCS (food
in mouth) CS
(tone)
Neutral
stimulus
(tone)
UCR
(salivation)
CR (salivation)

11. Classical Conditioning
Pavlov’s device for recording salivation

12. Classical Conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
stimulus that unconditionally--automatically and naturally--triggers a response
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus
salivation when food is in the mouth

13. Classical Conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
Conditioned Response (CR)
learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus

14. Classical Conditioning
UCS
(passionate
kiss)
UCR
(sexual
arousal) CS
(perfume/ cologne) CR
Kiss)

15. Classical Conditioning
Acquisition
the initial stage in classical conditioning
the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response
in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response

16. Classical Conditioning
Extinction
diminishing of a CR
in classical conditioning, when a UCS does not follow a CS
in operant conditioning, when a response is no longer reinforced
Spontaneous Recovery
reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished CR

17. Classical Conditioning
Strength
of CR
Pause
Acquisition
(CS+UCS)
Extinction
(CS alone)
Spontaneous
recovery of CR
The rising curve shows that the CR rapidly grows stronger as the CS and US are repeatedly paired (acquisition), then weakens as the CS is presented alone (extinction). After a pause, the CR reappears (spontaneous recovery)

18. Classical Conditioning
Generalization
tendency for stimuli similar to CS to elicit similar responses
Discrimination
in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that do not signal a UCS

19. Generalization Drops of saliva in 30 seconds 60 50 40 30 20 10 Hind
Hind
paw
Pelvis
Shoulder
Front
Thigh
Trunk
Foreleg
Part of body stimulated
Pavlov demonstrated generalization by attaching miniature vibrators to various parts of a dog's body. After conditioning salivation to stimulation of the thigh, he stimulated other areas. The closer a stimulated spot was to the thigh, the stronger the conditioned response.

20. Nausea Conditioning in Cancer Patients
UCS
(drug)
UCR
(nausea) CS
(waiting
room) CR

21. Try this!! Any Volunteers??

22. Youtube.com Video
“Office Prank On Dwight” 

23. Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning Law of Effect
type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment
Law of Effect
Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

24. Operant Conditioning Operant Behavior Respondent Behavior
operates (acts) on environment
produces consequences
Associated with OPERANT CONDITIONING
Respondent Behavior
occurs as an automatic response to stimulus
Associated with CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

25. Operant Conditioning B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
elaborated Thorndike’s Law of Effect
developed behavioral technology that revealed principles of behavior control

26. Operant Chamber Skinner Box
chamber with a bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a food or water reinforcer
contains devices to record responses (delayed v. immediate gratification)

27. Operant Chamber Video Clip from LOST Sawyer inside of a Skinner Box

28. Operant Conditioning Shaping
operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer approximations of a desired goal

29. Operant Conditioning

30. Schedules of Reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement (Fixed)
reinforcing the desired response each time it occurs
Partial (Intermitent) Reinforcement (Variable)
reinforcing a response only part of the time
results in slower acquisition
greater resistance to extinction

31. Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed Ratio (FR)
reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
faster you respond the more rewards you get
different ratios
very high rate of responding
ie. An assembly worker getting paid $20 after every 100 toys assembled

32. Schedules of Reinforcement
Variable Ratio (VR)
reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
average ratios
very hard to extinguish because of unpredictability
ie. Pulling the lever on the slot machine in Vegas (winning is unpredictable… it could take 1 pull or 100 pulls)
How Slot Machines Use Psychology and Design to Keep You Coming Back

33. Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed Interval (FI)
reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
response occurs more frequently as the anticipated time for reward draws near
ie. The school bell sounds after 90 minutes of class has gone by (do you check the clock more often near the end of the period??)

34. Schedules of Reinforcement
Variable Interval (VI)
reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
produces slow steady responding
“You’ve got mail!” (rewards persistence in rechecking for … but there is no set time that the message will appear)

35. Punishment Punishment
aversive event that decreases the behavior that it follows
powerful controller of unwanted behavior

36. Punishment Spanking; a speeding ticket Giving something
Taking something away
Is a prison sentence positive or negative punishment? Debate.
Is the death penalty a positive or negative punishment?

37. Operant Conditioning
Remember...

38. Cognition and Operant Conditioning
Cognitive Map
mental representation of the layout of one’s environment
Example: after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it
Example: you have a cognitive map of the school in your head

39. Cognition and Operant Conditioning
Latent Learning
learning that occurs, but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
ie. Learning at an early age that smoking is wrong, but not demonstrating it until confronted with peer pressure as a teenager to try it

40. Cognition and Operant Conditioning
Overjustification Effect *not in book
the effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do
the person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task
ie. Getting paid $1 for every book read over the summer… you might ordinarily enjoy reading, but now it becomes the $1 that motivates you rather than your love of reading

41. Cognition and Operant Conditioning
Intrinsic Motivation
Desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective
ie. Competing in a competition because of your love of the sport, not because of the trophy you receive for winning
Extrinsic Motivation
Desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishments
ie. Competing in a competition because of the trophy you can win and the fame and attention that comes from winning, as well

42. Operant v. Classical Conditioning

43. Operant Conditioning Clip from Big Bang Theory
(6:21)
(shorter version…2:06)

44. Observational Learning
learning by observing others
Modeling
process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
Mirror Neurons
frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so
may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy

45. Observational Learning
Albert Bandura – Bobo Doll experiment

46. Observational Learning
Prosocial behavior
Positive, constructive, helpful behavior
Opposite of antisocial behavior
Mahatma Gandhi
Martin Luther King Jr.