1. Evaluation of Phrenic Nerve and Diaphragm Function with Peripheral Nerve Stimulation and M-Mode Ultrasonography in Potential Pediatric Phrenic Nerve or Diaphragm Pacing Candidates 
Andrew J. Skalsky, MD, Daniel J. Lesser, MD, Craig M. McDonald, MD 
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics 
Volume 26, Issue 1, Pages (February 2015)
DOI: /j.pmr
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2. Fig. 1
Avery breathing pacemaker system, an functional electric stimulation system for respiratory muscles by phrenic nerve stimulation.
(Courtesy of Avery Biomedical Devices, Inc., Commack, NY; with permission.)
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics  , DOI: ( /j.pmr )
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3. Fig. 2
M-mode diaphragm ultrasonography while on mechanical ventilation.
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics  , DOI: ( /j.pmr )
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4. Fig. 3
M-mode diaphragm ultrasonography during a breathing trial without mechanical ventilation in an individual with no spontaneous respirations. Note the flat line indicating no movement.
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics  , DOI: ( /j.pmr )
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5. Fig. 4
M-mode diaphragm ultrasonography after transcutaneous phrenic nerve stimulation, with a spike deflection indicating a positive response.
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics  , DOI: ( /j.pmr )
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6. Fig. 5
(A) M-mode diaphragm ultrasonography with pacer amplitude setting of 1.5, with resulting diaphragm excursion of 2.56 cm. (B) M-mode diaphragm ultrasonography with pacer amplitude setting of 2.0, with resulting diaphragm excursion of 2.88 cm. (C) M-mode diaphragm ultrasonography with pacer amplitude setting of 2.5, with resulting diaphragm excursion of 3.13 cm. (D) M-mode diaphragm ultrasonography with pacer amplitude setting of 3.0, with resulting diaphragm excursion of 3.44 cm. (E) M-mode diaphragm ultrasonography with pacer amplitude setting of 3.5, with resulting diaphragm excursion of 3.45 cm.
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics  , DOI: ( /j.pmr )
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7. Fig. 6
Standard posteroanterior chest radiograph showing elevated right hemidiaphragm and phrenic nerve pacing antenna leads.
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics  , DOI: ( /j.pmr )
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8. Fig. 7
(A) Left diaphragmatic motion of patient H.L. with phrenic nerve pacing system. (B) Right diaphragmatic motion of patient H.L. with phrenic nerve pacing system.
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics  , DOI: ( /j.pmr )
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