1. 2
Basic Chemistry

2. I. Introduction A. Matter and Energy
TYPES
a. Chemical
b. Electrical
c. Mechanical
d. Radiant

3. B. Composition of Matter
*Elements: define
96 percent of the body = four elements
*C Letter stands for:
*O letter stand for:
*H letter stand for:
*N letter stand for:
2. Atoms:
Composed of Subatomic Particles
3. Subatomic Particles
a. *Nucleus Location & contents?
Protons
Charge:
Location: e- e-
Proton
Neutron e-
Proton
Neutron
Helium Atom

4. 3. Subatomic Particles … a. Nucleus …
Neutrons
Charge:
Location:
b. Electrons:
Size:
c. *Atomic Number =
d. Atomic mass number:
e. Examples
Helium atom e- e-
Proton
Neutron

5. 5. Ions 4. Isotopes *Atoms vary in what?
Isotopes have the same number of?
Radioisotopes:
Stability:
Examples: Uranium, Iodine, …
5. Ions
Vary in the number of? __________________

6. Positive & Negative Ions: Properties as compared to atoms:
Table Salt

7. Ions Examples… Cl ¯1 ion or Cl ¯ ion
A Chlorine Atom gains an electron from another atom
Cl ¯1 ion or Cl ¯ ion

8. C. Making Larger Chemicals out of the Atoms or Elements 1
C. Making Larger Chemicals out of the Atoms or Elements 1. Chemical Formulas
2. Molecules and Compounds
*Molecule—two or more atoms do what?
Examples:
H2O O NaCl
b. Compound:

9. 3. Chemical Bonds
Bonding involves the interactions between electrons in outer part of the two atoms that are bonded
*One CHEMICAL BOND = how many electrons?
a. Ionic Bonds (Electrovalent Bonds)
Bond Formed When:
Example: SALT
Na atom Cl atom Na Cl ¯

10. b. Covalent Bonds
i) *Bonds occurs when:
ii) *Types: of Covalent Bonds?
(1) Non Polar:

11. (2) Polar Covalent Bonds:
Non-equal sharing results in
One atom of the bond becomes?
The other atom of the bond becomes?
Polarity is this separation
of partial charges
Polar Molecules: have
charged ends
Polar Molecules are
attracted to each other.
HOW?
-1/2
Oxygen
+1/2
+1/2
2 Hydrogens
-1/2
Figure 2.8
+1/2
+1/2

12. (2) Polar covalent Bonds … Attraction Between Polar Molecules … WATER: is very polar and has a strong ability to attract other polar molecules or ions to itself. Results: Water is Reactive Can dissolve things  Solvent of living organisms creates surface tension
Figure 2.9

13. Example: H2O + CO2 ---> H2CO3 H + H + O + C + O + O ---> H2CO3
D. Chemical Reactions
1. Chemical Reactions:
a. *Reactants define
b. *Products define
c. Process of making Products
Bonds broken in ______________
Atoms rearranged
New bonds in _______________
Reactants > Products
Example: H2O CO > H2CO3
Water + Carbon Dioxide > Carbonic Acid
H + H + O + C + O + O > H2CO3

14. SOLUTION = a mixture of chemicals in a liquid - AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS =
Chemical Reactions … d. Chemical Reactions can only take place in SOLUTIONS
SOLUTION = a mixture of chemicals in a liquid
- AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS =
i) *Solvent: define
ii) Solute:
iii) The Concentration of a Solution: can use percentages
% Solvent + % Solutes = 100%
e. Reactants must come into physical contact

15. 2. Types of Chemical Reactions
a. *Synthesis reaction =
Example: Synthesis of Proteins
*Decomposition Reactions =
Example: Glycogen is broken down into ______

16. Biochemistry: Essentials for Life
c. Exchange reaction: Parts moved around
Example:
Biochemistry: Essentials for Life
TWO MAJOR TYPES of Chemicals found in living organisms
Organic (which includes Biochemicals)
Inorganic

17. A. Inorganic compounds No “C” framework simpler
*Water why is it important to life?
2. Salts: Contain a metal ion and one other ion
Importance: some conduct electrical currents and some are required nutrients
Examples: Sodium Chloride = table salt

18. a) *Acids Release what?_________ (H+)
Inorganic Compounds …
3. Acids & Bases
a) *Acids Release what?_________ (H+)
b) Bases Release hydroxyl ions (OH–)
and are ______________ acceptors
c) *Neutralization reaction: does what?
Acids + bases - water + salt
d) Ph & Ph Scale:
Neutral =
Acidic =
Basic =
Buffers—regulate pH change

19. B. ORGANIC CHEMICALS = framework of what element? __________ Types
Fossil Fuels
Biochemicals– 4 Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
Large
Often made of repeating subunits
1. Carbohydrates
a) *Elements: Contain what elements?
Ratio of Hydrogen to Oxygen: 1C to 2H to 1O
b) *General Function:

20. c) Classification; saccharides = sugar *Monosaccharides: Basic Subunit
1. Carbohydrates …
c) Classification; saccharides = sugar
*Monosaccharides:
Basic Subunit
*Disaccharides:
Polysaccharides:
d) Glycoproteins
2. Lipids
a) *Elements: Contain what elements?
Ratio of H to C:
b) *Solubility in water: Do they dissolve in whater?
c) Types: Neutral Fats, Phospholipids, Steroids
Glycoproteins

21. a. Fats (Neutral Fats, Triglycerides) Location in human body:
2. Lipids …
c) Types …
a. Fats (Neutral Fats, Triglycerides)
Location in human body:
Function in humans:
*Composed of:
i) Saturated Fats:
ii) Unsaturated Fats:
Glycerol Fatty Acids  Triglycerides

22. Un-Saturated Fat Missing Hydrogens
iii) TRANS FATS: Hydrogens artificially taken out. Called Hydrogenated or Partially Hydrogenated Oils
Figure 2.16b

23. Important Characteristic:
c) Types …
b. Phospholipids
*Composition:
Function:
Important Characteristic:
c. Steroids
*Made from?
Have 6-sided rings
Examples & Functions
Cholesterol:
Sex Hormones:
Vitamin D:
Glycerol Fatty Acids
Phosphate
Cell Membrane

24. 3. Proteins & Glycoproteins a. *Elements:
b. *Subunit: What is the repeating portion?
Structure
R group:
c) Level of Complexity in Structure, Leads to Function
i) *Primary:
Occurs just after protein
is produced
ii) Secondary:
- Occurs as long strands and
thin membranes to build
structures
Subunit
Different Kinds of Amino Acids
Amino
acids
Primary structure. Sequence of amino acids.
Secondary structure. Initial Folding into
2-D structure
Alpha-
helix
-pleated sheet

25. iii) *Tertiary Structure: Proteins folds up into ?
Specific Shapes determines function:
Carrier Proteins:
Transport Proteins:
Hormones: Chemical Messengers
Enzymes:
Hemoglobin
Chemical Reaction
iv) Quaternary Structure: Two or more polypetides held together as a unit
Specific Shape determines function– same as Tertiary
Hemoglobin
Figure 2.18c-d

26. Function has to do with Active Site =
d) Enzymes
Function has to do with Active Site =
Catalyze chemical reactions
Different enzyme for each reactions
Are always Proteins
Product is released.
Enzyme returns to
original shape, ready
to catalyze another
reaction.
Substrates bind to active
site. Enzyme changes shape
to hold substrates in proper
position.
Structural changes
occur, resulting in the
product.
Substrate = Reactants
Product
Enzyme

27. b) Subunits: Built from nucleotides
Organic Compounds …
4. Nucleic Acids
a) *Types:
b) Subunits: Built from nucleotides
i) Phosphate group
ii) Pentose (5 carbon) Sugar
iii) Nitrogenous Base– 5 specific kinds
A = Adenine
G = Guanine
C = Cytosine
T = Thymine
U = Uracil.
sugar
base
phosphate

28. c) DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid
i) *Location in Cell:
ii) Structure:
iii) Chemical Composition
*Type sugar:
iv) *Bases it has: (of the 5)
v) Function:
Specific: Codes for all the body’s
proteins
General: Proteins create all the characteristics
of your body
Deoxyribose
sugar
Phosphate
Nitrogen Bases

29. d) Ribonucleic acid (RNA) i) Structure: ii) Chemical Composition:
Released mRNA
d) Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
i) Structure:
ii) Chemical Composition:
*Sugar
*Bases
iii) Types & Functions
e) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Modified Nucleotide of adenine with three phosphate groups
Function:

30. Nucleic Acid Derivatives
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Modified Nucleotide of adenine with three phosphate groups
Function: __________________________
Examples
Release of Energy when the last phosphate is removed

31. END