1. Photosynthesis

2. Law Of Conservation of Matter and Energy
Matter and energy can neither be created of destroyed, only transformed.

3. Total amount of energy in the universe is constant-it’s stored in the bonds of matter.
Potential energy =stored energy
Kinetic energy= released(bonds broken)energy.
(Released energy is NOT lost energy, it’s just transformed)

4. Chemical Reactions

5. { { 2Fe + 3H2O- 2FeO3 + 3H2 Products Reactants Chemical reactions
A chemical reaction is a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals by creating/breaking bonds { {
2Fe + 3H2O- 2FeO3 + 3H2
Products
Reactants

6. http://www. youtube. com/watch. v=jRm-otFKWLI http://www. youtube

7. Carbon Bonding
Organic molecules are made mostly of carbon atoms. Most matter in living organisms is made of organic molecules.
Use pg to answer the following
QUESTION: How do carbon’s bonding properties contribute to the existence of a wide variety of biological molecules?

8. Carbon
ANSWER: One of the most important elements found in living things
Has 4 valence electrons which means it can form 4 bonds with other carbon atoms or other elements such as hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), phosphorous (P) 8

9. Redox Reactions
An oxidation reduction(redox) is a reaction where electrons are transferred from one reactant to another
OIL= Oxidation is loss(of electrons)
RIG= Reduction is gain (of electrons) 9

10. Reduction- an atom gains an electron
Oxidation- an atom loses an electron

12. Compare/Contrast-the energy storing molecules
Question-Name all the different molecules carbon is attached to in BOTH pictures!!

13. Energy Currency
Life/cellular processes need constant energy. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) has energy stored in covalent bonds between phosphates.

14. What is Photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis is when autotrophs make their own food/glucose.
Photosynthesis takes light energy, water, and breaks apart carbon dioxide and converts it into stored energy in glucose.

15. What is Photosynthesis?

16. Where does Photosynthesis happen? (read)
It happens inside the CHLOROPLAST, with dozens in the cells of each leaf.

17. What are the Parts of the Chloroplast?
#1. Thylakoids—saclike photosynthetic membranes -Arranged in stacks called= #2. Granum.
solution surrounding them= #3. Stroma.
Single
thylakoid
Stroma
Granum
Chloroplast

18. A B C D A

19. Why are Most Plants Green?
Light travels in waves.
In order to capture the energy in light, plants use a main pigment called chlorophyll.
This pigment reflects green light making plants look green.

20. Visible Light Spectrum
The suns energy travels in waves
The distance between waves = wavelength
Different wavelengths of light are visible as different colors

21. ROY G BIV Longest wavelength = Least amount of energy
Shortest wavelength = larger amount of energy

22. What colors do chlorophyll a, b absorb best? Worst?
What colors do carotenoids absorb best? Worst
What colors of light are most effective for use in photosynthesis?

24. -Chlorophyll does not absorb light well in the green region of the spectrum. (absorbs blue/violet best)
-Green light is reflected by leaves, which is why plants look green.

25. Why Do Leaves Change Color in the Fall
The chlorophyll breaks down, leaving only carotenoid pigments that reflect orange, red, and yellow..

26. Why do plants look Green?
8-1
Why do plants look Green?
There is much more chlorophyll than the other pigments (the other colors are masked).
In the Fall, chlorophyll is broken down and the accessory pigment colors are shown.
Why do trees lose leaves in the winter?
It’s difficult to absorb H2O from frozen ground so leaves drop off to save water.

27. Reactants of photosynthesis?
LIGHT
Carbon Dioxide
GLUCOSE
Water
Carbon Dioxide + Water 27

28. Products of photosynthesis?
LIGHT
Oxygen
GLUCOSE
Glucose
Oxygen & Glucose 28

29. The GOAL of photosynthesis?
LIGHT
WASTE PRODUCT
GLUCOSE
GOAL
-Oxygen is a waste product-
GLUCOSE is the goal! 29

30. The Equation! Word Form: Carbon Dioxide +Water Glucose + Oxygen
Balanced Chemical Equation:
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
Light Energy
Light Energy 6

31. What are the Reactions?
Photosynthesis is 2 reactions happening simultaneously in the chloroplast! -1st- Light Dependent Reaction. 2nd –Calvin Cycle a.k.a. Light Independent reaction The 2nd reaction can not happen without the first.

32. Light- dependent reactions
Water molecule is split by water splitting enzyme-Oxygen is released and Hydrogen is sent to Calvin cycle
Light
Calvin Cycle
Light- dependent reactions
The process of photosynthesis includes the light-dependent reactions as well as the Calvin cycle.
Chloroplast 32

33. Light dependent reaction(Step 1)
a.)Occurs in the thylakoids of chloroplast
b.)Starts w/water (H2O) and sunlight light absorbed by chlorophyll molecules
c.)Makes Oxygen (O2) ,ATP energy and NADPH energy
**The ATP and NADPH will be used in reaction 2

34. Light- dependent reactions
H2O
CO2
Light
NADP+
ADP + P
Light- dependent reactions
Calvin Cycle
Calvin cycle
The process of photosynthesis includes the light-dependent reactions as well as the Calvin cycle.
Chloroplast O2
Glucose 34

35. With your shoulder partner explain when/what/where happens to each of the following when they enter the thylakoids of the Light Dependent Reaction:
Water
NADP+
ADP

36. Light- dependent Reactions
Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll molecules
This light energy excites electrons (excited electrons supply energy) and boosts them to higher energy levels.
The electrons “fall” to a lower energy state, releasing energy that is harnessed to make ATP

37. Energy Shuttling
ATP: superb molecule for shuttling energy around within cells.
Other energy shuttles-coenzymes (nucleotide based molecules): move electrons and protons around within the cell
NADP+, NADPH NAD+, NADP FAD, FADH2

39. Silently and Independently
Q: Explain why the splitting of water is important the continuation of the calvin cycle and to our survival?
Provides Hydrogen the Calvin Cycle requires to make glucose and oxygen we need to breathe.
Q: Explain how oxygen is generated in photosynthesis(p.117 Paragraph 5,6)
Water is split in light dependent reaction, and the oxygen is released as a waste product

40. The Calvin Cycle (light-independent) (2nd Step)
Occcurs in the stroma of the chloroplast
Uses ATP from the light dependent reaction and CO2 to produce high energy glucose

41. Light- dependent reactions
Calvin Cycle -aka-Light Independent Reaction
H2O
CO2
STROMA
Light
NADP+
ADP + P
Light- dependent reactions
Calvin Cycle
Calvin cycle
The process of photosynthesis includes the light-dependent reactions as well as the Calvin cycle.
Chloroplast O2
Glucose 41

42. Light reaction reactants =sunlight, water, NADP+, ADP
Identify the reactants/products for BOTH the light reactions and the calvin cycle.
Light reaction reactants =sunlight, water, NADP+, ADP
Light reaction products= Oxygen, ATP and NADPH
Calvin Cycle Reactants= CO2,
Calvin Cycle Products= NADP+, ADP, Glucose (orgaqnic compunds)
Calvin cycle energy used =ATP and NADPH

43. What might happen to photosynthesis if ATP were not produced in the light reactions
W/O ATP calvin cycle would stop, and so would photosynthesis
Relate the rate of photosynthesis to carbon dioxide levels
Increase CO2=increased photosynthesis rate
Which of the following is a reactant in the calvin cycle
A B. CO2 C. H2O D. C6H12O6
Oxygen is produced at what point in photosynthesis?
A. when CO2 is fixed B.when water is split C. When ATP is converted to ADP D. when 3-GPA is converted to G3P

44. Glucose is used for what?
Glucose is: 1) Broken apart and used to make ATP energy(easy to use) in cellular respiration-ATP is used for active transport and protein synthesis. 2) Chained together to make the plants body-(cellulose for cell walls) 3.) Stored as starch(another carb- ex.=potatoes) to be used later

45. Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
1) Light Intensity
in light = ____ in the rate of photosynthesis
2)Temperature –
best between 0 C and 35 C
If the temperature is too high/low,
photosynthetic enzymes denature (lose their shape/function)
3) Carbon Dioxide Levels
in CO2 = ____ in the rate of photosynthesis

46. Why does the RATE of photosynthesis plateau/peak even though light intensity continues to increase?