1. Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
Chapter 11
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2. Chapter Outline The nature of adolescence Physical changes
Issues in adolescent health
Adolescent cognition
Schools
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3. The Nature of Adolescence
Adolescents face
Biological changes
New experiences
New developmental tasks
Influences on the adolescent
Ethnic
Cultural
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4. The Nature of Adolescence
Gender
Socioeconomic
Age
Lifestyle differences
Youth benefit when they have caring adults in their lives in addition to parents or guardians
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5. Physical Changes
Puberty: Period of rapid physical maturation, occurring primarily in early adolescence, that involves hormonal and bodily changes
Sexual maturation, height, and weight
Marked weight and height gains
Facial and chest hair growth in males
Pubic hair growth
Breast growth in females
Menarche: Girl’s first menstruation
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6. Figure 11.1 - Pubertal Growth Spurt
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8. Physical Changes Puberty Hormonal changes
Hormones: Chemicals secreted by the endocrine glands and carried throughout the body by the bloodstream
Increases in testosterone and estradiol
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9. Physical Changes Puberty Timing and variations in puberty
Average age of menarche has declined significantly since mid-19th century
Improved nutrition and health
Pubertal sequence begins:
Boys /2 years
Girls - Between ages of 9 and 15 years
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10. Figure Age at Menarche in Northern European Countries and the United States in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
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11. Physical Changes Puberty Body image Early and late maturation
Preoccupation with body image is strong throughout adolescence
Girls are less happy with their bodies and have more negative body images
Early and late maturation
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12. Physical Changes Boys Girls
Early-maturing boys view themselves more positively and have more successful peer relations
Late maturing boys report a stronger sense of identity in their 30s
Girls
Early-maturing girls show greater satisfaction early but less satisfaction later
More likely to smoke, drink, be depressed
Have an eating disorder
Struggle for earlier independence
Have older friends
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13. Figure Early-and Late-Maturing Adolescent Girls’ Perceptions of Body Image in Early and Late Adolescence
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14. Figure 11.4 - Changes in the Adolescent Brain
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15. Changes in the Brain
Corpus callosum: The location where fibers connect the brain’s left and right hemispheres
Amygdala: The region of the brain that is the seat of emotions
Prefrontal cortex
The highest level of the frontal lobes involved in reasoning, decision making, and self-control
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16. Physical Changes Adolescent sexuality Developing a sexual identity
Learning to manage sexual feelings
Developing new forms of intimacy
Learning skills to regulate sexual behavior
Sexual identity includes:
Activities
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17. Physical Changes Adolescent sexuality
Interests
Styles of behavior
Indication of sexual orientation
Gay males and lesbians struggle with same-sex attractions
Adolescent sexuality
Risk factors in adolescent sexual behavior
Drug use, delinquency, and school-related problems
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18. Figure 11.5 - Timing of First Sexual Intercourse in U.S. Adolescents
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19. Physical Changes Reproductive health outcomes Socioeconomic status
Family/parenting
Peers
Reproductive health outcomes
Family connectedness
Parent-adolescent communication about sexuality
Parental monitoring
Partner connectedness
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20. Physical Changes Adolescent sexuality Contraceptive use
Adolescents are increasing their use of contraceptives
Younger adolescents are less likely to take contraceptive precautions
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs): Contracted primarily through sexual contact
Including oral-genital and anal-genital contact
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21. Physical Changes Adolescent sexuality Adolescent pregnancy
U.S. has 1 of the highest rates in the world
Creates health risks for baby and mother
Low birth weight, neurological problems, childhood illness
Mothers drop out of school and never catch up economically
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22. Should we have abstinence only programs or a sex education program in schools?

23. Figure 11.6 - Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Adolescent Pregnancy Rates
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24. Issues in Adolescent Health
Poor health habits and early death in adulthood begin during adolescence
Nutrition and exercise
17% of 12–19-year-olds are overweight
Decreased intake of fruits and vegetables and less exercise
Sleep patterns
Only 31% of U.S. adolescents sleep 8 or more hours a night
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25. Issues in Adolescent Health
Leading causes of death in adolescence
Unintentional injuries
Homicide
Suicide
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26. Issues in Adolescent Health
Substance use and abuse
United States has one of the highest rates of adolescent drug use of any industrialized nation
Adolescent alcohol and cigarette consumption has declined in recent years
The roles of development, parents, peers and education
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27. Issues in Adolescent Health
Eating disorders
Anorexia nervosa: Relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation
Main characteristics
Weight less than 85% of what is considered normal for a person’s age and height
An intense fear of gaining weight that does not decrease with weight loss
Having a distorted image of their body shape
Amenorrhea
10 times more likely to occur in females than males
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28. Issues in Adolescent Health
Eating disorders
Bulimia nervosa: Individual consistently follows a binge-and-purge pattern
Most bulimics
Are preoccupied with food
Have an intense fear of becoming overweight
Are depressed or anxious
Have a distorted body image
Typically fall within a normal weight range
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29. Adolescent Cognition Piaget’s theory Formal operational stage
More abstract than concrete operational thought
Increased verbal problem-solving ability
Increased tendency to think about thought itself
Thoughts of idealism and possibilities
More logical thought
Hypothetical-deductive reasoning: Creating a hypothesis and deducing its implications
Evaluating Piaget’s theory
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30. Adolescent Cognition
Adolescent egocentrism: Heightened self-consciousness of adolescents
Imaginary audience: adolescents’ belief that others are as interested in them as they themselves are
Attention-getting behavior
Personal fable: Involves a sense of uniqueness and invincibility
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31. Adolescent Cognition Information processing Cognitive control
Control attention and reduce interfering thoughts
Be cognitively flexible
Decision making
Dual-process model: View of thinking in which decision making is influenced by two systems
Critical thinking
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