1. Repair Techniques for Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation
Damien J. LaPar, MD, MSc, Irving L. Kron, MD 
Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 
Volume 17, Issue 3, Pages (September 2012)
DOI: /j.optechstcvs
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
After standard preoperative preparation, including arterial and central venous monitoring, intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography is performed to carefully assess the mechanism of MR. It is our practice to routinely repair ≥2 + MR. CABG harvesting is performed as most patients require concomitant myocardial revascularization. Our preference is to perform endoscopic harvesting for all saphenous vein grafts. Harvesting of the left internal thoracic artery is performed in the usual surgical fashion following full median sternotomy. After pericardotomy, cardiopulmonary bypass is established using standard aortic and bicaval cannulation with vacuum-assisted venous drainage and a combination of both antegrade and retrograde cardioplegia. Distal coronary anastomoses are then performed. Antegrade cardioplegia down the grafts is then performed every 15 minutes to ensure myocardial protection. Next, traction is placed on the umbilical tape passed around the inferior vena cava, elevating the right side of the heart and facilitating surgical access to the left atrium and mitral valve. A left atriotomy is then performed beginning at the junction of the left atrium and right superior pulmonary vein, which is extended from under the superior vena cava to the inferior vena cava, exposing the entire mitral valve. We then utilize a Cosgrove self-retaining mitral retractor, and the operating table is rotated to the left away from the surgeon. IVC = inferior vena cava; SVC = superior vena cava.
Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.optechstcvs )
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

3. Figure 2
Direct inspection of the mitral valve is necessary to confirm intraoperative transesophageal echocardiogram findings and to completely assess valve pathologic condition and the nature of MR. Cold saline solution is directly infused into the left ventricle under pressure to demonstrate MV failure and regurgitation. It is necessary to then inspect the subvalvular apparatus. Typically, in IMR, the posteromedial papillary muscle is tethered, which results in distortion of the mitral annulus and deformation of the P3 segment of the posterior mitral leaflet.
Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.optechstcvs )
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

4. Figure 3
We then preplace interrupted 2-0 braided (Ticron) sutures in the mitral annulus in preparation for annuloplasty. Generally, 8 to 9 sutures are placed in total.
Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.optechstcvs )
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

5. Figure 4
A complete, semirigid annuloplasty ring is then appropriately sized to the surface area of the valve. Our practice has evolved over the past few years to avoid extreme undersizing of the annuloplasty ring. Generally, a 26- or 28-mm annuloplasty ring is used as the annuloplasty ring is downsized by 1 size. The previously placed mitral annulus sutures are then passed through the ring with appropriate spacing, and the ring is lowered into the annulus after moistening the sutures.
Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.optechstcvs )
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

6. Figure 5
Annuloplasty sutures are sequentially tied down to restore mitral annulus anatomy and to maximize remodeling.
Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.optechstcvs )
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

7. Figure 6
Pressurized cold saline infusion into the left ventricle is performed after annuloplasty to test for residual MR. If significant residual MR is detected, the effects of a tethered posterior papillary muscle and dysfunction of the subvalvular apparatus must be considered.
Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.optechstcvs )
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

8. Figure 7
(A) Tethering of the posterior papillary muscle results in insufficient coaptation of the anterior and posterior mitral leaflets, often resulting in significant MR even after complete, semirigid annuloplasty. (B) Placement of a 2-0 braided (Ticron) traction suture through the posterior papillary muscle and through the mitral annulus reduces cord tension and allows for enhanced leaflet coaptation and correction of significant MR. (C) Surgeon's view of the mitral valve and subvalvular apparatus. A pledgeted 2-0 braided traction suture is placed through the posterior papillary muscle. (D) The traction suture is passed through the mitral annulus and felt pledget to complete placement of the stitch. (E) The traction suture is tied down and adjusted to relocate the posterior papillary muscle to restore normal anatomic position and enhance leaflet coaptation. Prior to locking the suture, residual valve regurgitation can be reassessed using a cold saline infusion test, and any further adjustments to the traction suture can be made as needed before securing the knot. Standard de-airing maneuvers are performed as the atriotomy is closed. Left internal thoracic artery to left anterior descending coronary artery anastomoses and all proximal vein and/or artery graft anastomoses are performed. Further de-airing, release of the aortic cross-clamp, and weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass are accomplished per routine. After weaning from bypass, transesophageal echocardiogram is used to confirm adequacy of the mitral repair. MR <1+ following repair is considered acceptable after appropriate volume loading of the left ventricle is achieved. MR ≥1+ after repair may require further repair techniques or mitral valve replacement. MV = mitral valve.
Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.optechstcvs )
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

9. Figure 7
(A) Tethering of the posterior papillary muscle results in insufficient coaptation of the anterior and posterior mitral leaflets, often resulting in significant MR even after complete, semirigid annuloplasty. (B) Placement of a 2-0 braided (Ticron) traction suture through the posterior papillary muscle and through the mitral annulus reduces cord tension and allows for enhanced leaflet coaptation and correction of significant MR. (C) Surgeon's view of the mitral valve and subvalvular apparatus. A pledgeted 2-0 braided traction suture is placed through the posterior papillary muscle. (D) The traction suture is passed through the mitral annulus and felt pledget to complete placement of the stitch. (E) The traction suture is tied down and adjusted to relocate the posterior papillary muscle to restore normal anatomic position and enhance leaflet coaptation. Prior to locking the suture, residual valve regurgitation can be reassessed using a cold saline infusion test, and any further adjustments to the traction suture can be made as needed before securing the knot. Standard de-airing maneuvers are performed as the atriotomy is closed. Left internal thoracic artery to left anterior descending coronary artery anastomoses and all proximal vein and/or artery graft anastomoses are performed. Further de-airing, release of the aortic cross-clamp, and weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass are accomplished per routine. After weaning from bypass, transesophageal echocardiogram is used to confirm adequacy of the mitral repair. MR <1+ following repair is considered acceptable after appropriate volume loading of the left ventricle is achieved. MR ≥1+ after repair may require further repair techniques or mitral valve replacement. MV = mitral valve.
Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.optechstcvs )
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions