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AcademIc EnglIsh II
WEEK 13:LINKING WORDS
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Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi
mmf.nisantasi.edu.tr

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Sequence
We use connectors of sequence to order events. First, I decided about the topic of my history project. Then, I gathered information from many different sources. Next, I organized the information I found. Finally, I wrote my final copy and submitted it to my teacher. As they are used at the beginning of a sentence, we capitalize the first letter of these connectors. We put a comma after them.
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3. Support / Extra Information
We use the following connectors to support a main idea or to give extra information.
I studied journalism in college. In addition, I had a part-time job at a newspaper.
 Smoking is a bad habit because it smells bad and it can damage your health. Furthermore, it is a very expensive habit.
 The politician is too old to be our president. Moreover, he is not trustworthy.
Human beings must take care of their environment. We should drive more fuel-efficient cars, and we should recycle. Also, we should stop businesses from polluting the environment.
As they are used at the beginning of a sentence, we capitalize the first letter of these conjunctions. We put a comma after them.
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Compare and Contrast
When we want to link two opposite ideas (for example, one is a positive idea and one is a negative idea) or we want to link one idea to another one which is surprising or unexpected, we need the following conjunctions. The weather was cold but clear. I am very good at using MS Office programs, but I am a little bit confused about Excel. If a full sentence follows but, we use a comma before it. Your homework is quite good. However, there is still room for improvement. When we connect two opposite sentences, we start the second sentence with “however” (H- capital) and put a comma after it. My husband likes classical music. On the other hand, I like all kinds. I liked the black dress. On the other hand, I liked the red one, too. I think I’ll buy both. When we connect two opposite sentences, we start the second sentence with “on the other hand” (O- capital) and put a comma after it.
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although
The clause which “although” introduces is a subordinate clause, so it needs a main clause to make it complete. We can use “although” at the beginning or in the middle of the sentences we connect. However, although needs to come before the subordinate clause, not the main clause.
Correct: I still feel hungry although I had a big lunch.
Not correct: Although I still feel hungry, I had a big lunch.
Underline the correct sentence.
He went to work although he was ill.
Although he went to work, he was ill.
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Example
We use such as and for example to exemplify an idea. Car companies such as Toyota and Ford manufacture their automobiles in many different countries around the world. I can play quite a few musical instruments, such as the flute, the guitar, and the piano. If “such as” comes before the subject, we do not use a comma before it. If it comes before the object, we put a comma before it.
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7. Decide where comma is necessary.
I like green vegetables such as pepper and beans.
Factors such as age, gender and nutrition play an important role in health.
My father loves going to restaurants which serve exotic foods.  For example, last week he went to a restaurant which serves deep-fried rattlesnake. 
“for example” begins a new sentence when it is followed by a complete idea or sentence. We capitalize F and we put a comma after it.
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8. Complete the following sentence appropriately.
There are many things a student can do to supplement his/her second language acquisition.  For example, ____________________________________________ ___________________________.
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Cause and Effect
We use as, since and because to express reason. When we use “because”, we are focusing on the reason: She spoke quietly because she didn’t want Catherine to hear. We’ll come over on Sunday because David’s got to work on Saturday. We often put the because-clause at the beginning of a sentence, especially when we want to give extra focus to the reason. We use a comma after the because-clause: Because breathing is something we do automatically, we rarely think about it.
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Warning
We don’t use a because-clause on its own in formal writing: In 1998, the government introduced a new import tax because people were importing cars from abroad. Not: … a new import tax. Because people were importing cars from abroad. We often use as and since when we want to focus more on the result than the reason. As and since are more formal than because. [result]I hope they’ve decided to come as [reason]I wanted to hear about their India trip. [result]They’re rather expensive since [reason]they’re quite hard to find.
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Warning
We often use as and since clauses at the beginning of the sentence. We use a comma after the as- or since- clause: Since everything can be done from home with computers and telephones, there’s no need to dress up for work any more. As everyone already knows each other, there’s no need for introductions. We’ll get straight into the business of the meeting. We use therefore and as a result to express result. I have long been interested in science and animals. Therefore, I have decided to study biology in college. The athlete was caught using drugs. Therefore, he was kicked off the team. Someone called in a bomb threat. As a result, school was cancelled. The government did not prepare for the hurricane. Therefore, many people suffered. Rent is too expensive in Boston. As a result, I have decided to move to Ohio. These words are more formal than so, and are more commonly used in written English. “So” is more informal, and more commonly used in spoken English. We were hungry, so we stopped at a cafe for a snack.
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kaynaklar
Compiled from different sources.
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