1. Biochemistry

3. All organisms consist of inorganic and organic compounds

4. I. Inorganic Compounds
Compounds that lack the elements Carbon and Hydrogen together
Ex: water = H20
salt = NaCl
carbon dioxide = CO2
Water makes up 90% of the cell

5. Water
Involved with the chemical reactions of the cell.

6. II. Organic Compounds Contain the elements Carbon and Hydrogen
4 major categories of organic compounds:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids (fats)
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids

7. (I) Carbohydrates Main source of energy for cell activities
Made up of three elements:
Carbon, Oxygen, and Hydrogen
In most carbohydrates there are two Hydrogen for every one Carbon
Two examples are sugar (glucose) and starch

8. 3 Types of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
*aside* mono = 1
di = 2
poly = 3 or more

9. 1. Monosaccharide Simplest carbohydrate (simple sugars)
“building blocks” of carbohydrates
Ex: Glucose
formula: C6H12O6
                                 

10. 2. Disaccharides Formed by the combination of two simple sugars
(2 monosaccharides)
Known as a “double-sugar”
Ex: Maltose
formula: C12H22O11

11. 3. Polysaccharides—another name for STARCH
Long chains of monosaccharides

12. Dehydration Synthesis
Two molecules are joined together to form a larger molecule plus water
Ex:
monosaccharide + monosaccharide = disaccharide + water
C6H C6H = C12H H2O

14. Review 1. Name the 4 types of organic compounds found in organisms?
___________________, _________________, ___________________, __________________
2. Carbohydrates are the main form of energy for ________________________.
3. Dehydration synthesis results in _________________ & __________________.

15. (II) Lipids fatty acid glycerol
Source of stored energy in living organisms
Lipids contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Glycerol and fatty acids are the building blocks of lipids
Examples of lipids are fats and oils
fatty acid glycerol

18. (III) Proteins
Contain the elements oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur
The building blocks of proteins are known as amino acids
Proteins are used to build and repair tissues

19. Amino acid

20. Examples of Proteins Antibodies-fight infections
Hormones-chemical messengers
Hemoglobin-red pigment in red blood cells. Carries oxygen.
Enzymes-organic catalysts—change the rate of chemical reactions

21. NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA, RNA Building blocks: nucleotides
DNA: double stranded
RNA: single strand

22. Two amino acids combined together form a dipeptide

23. Summary Compound Building Blocks Carbohydrates Monosaccharides
(glucose)
Lipids
1 Glycerol +
3 Fatty acids
Proteins
Amino acids
Nucleic Acid
Nucleotide

24. Enzymes

25. (IV) Enzymes Are known as organic catalysts;
i.e., they are organic because enzymes are proteins. A catalyst regulates the rate of a reaction.
Most enzymes end in ase
Ex: Compound Enzyme
maltose  maltase
lipid  lipase

26. How an enzyme works

27. Factors That Influence Enzyme Action
1. Temperature
2. Enzyme and Substrate
concentration
3. pH

28. Temperature
As you increase temperature, enzyme action increases as well until an optimum temperature for enzyme action is reached

29. pH Affects enzyme action
Certain enzymes work better in acidic environments while others in basic environments.

30. Enzyme-Substrate Concentration
As the concentration of substrate increases, so does the rate of reaction between the substrate and enzyme, up to a certain point.

31. Enzyme-Substrate Concentration
As the amount of enzyme increases, so does the rate of reaction, up to a certain point.

32. How will the pH affect the rate at which rennin (a type of enzyme) acts on milk?