1. 2.11 Bureaucratic Organizations and Connections

2. Implementation
Translation of policy goals into rules and standard operating procedures.
Breaks down
Conflicting goals
Faulty program design
Lack of financial resources
Fragmentation of responsibilities
Prior to the creation of the department of homeland security in 2001, 46 different agencies were in charge of counterterrorism

3. Implementation cont Congress usually gives broad mandates
Allowing agencies to have administrative discretion to set specific guidelines for a given problem or situation.

4. Regulation
Regulation is the use of government authority to control or change practices in the private sector.
Munn v Illinois (1877) SCOTUS upheld the right of the Federal Government to regulate
Compliance monitoring
Under both George W. Bush and Reagan the government “deregulated” (lifting regulation) on many businesses
Disbanded the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB)

5. The President and the Bureaucracy
Appointments
Presidents appoint senior agency heads and subheads, allows him to exercise influence over the agency acting in his name
President's power is limited, Senate has the power to approve the appointments
Department heads often develop a strong loyalty to their department and may not pursue a presidents policy goals.

6. Executive orders
A directive, order, or regulation issued by the president
Based on constitutional or statutory authority and have the force of law.

7. Economic Powers
The president may use the OMB to cut or add to an agency’s budget
Congress has the sole power to appropriate funds to an agency

8. Ideology and authority
How does the President’s ideology
Impact the bureaucracy?

9. Congress and the Bureaucracy
Divided authority
Both the President and Congress exercise authority
Creates checks and balance while also encouraging the departments to play one branch off the other

10. oversight Congress has oversight over the bureaucracy Methods
Budgetary control by setting aside funds
Holding hearings and conducting investigations
Reorganizing an agency
Spreading out responsibilities in order to prevent any one agency from becoming too powerful

11. Iron Triangles
An alliance among an administrative agency, an interest group, and a congressional committee
Each member provides key services, information or policy for the others
So pervasive and powerful they are called sub governments
Because of common goals these alliances may work to help each their achieve their goals, with Congress and the president often deferring to their influence

13. Issue Networks
Includes policy experts, media pundits, think tanks, universities, congressional staff members, and interest groups who regularly debate an issue
The president often fills agency positions with people from issue networks that share his or her view
Continually form and disband according to the policy issue

15. Iron Triangles vs. Issue Networks
An iron triangle has 3 interlocking points, an administrative agency, an interest group, and a congressional committee
An issue network consists of a wide range of people who debate major policy issues.