1. Virtual Hospitals: a panel presentation
Parvati Dev, PhD
Director, SUMMIT Lab
Office of Information Resources and Technology
Stanford University School of Medicine

2. Virtual Hospital

3. Virtual Patient

4. Panelists A virtual patient (Neil Gesundheit)
Viewing real surgery remotely (Margaret Krebs)
Virtual cadavers (Steven Senger)
Procedure simulators (Patricia Youngblood)
A 3D virtual hospital world using online game technology (W. LeRoy Heinrichs)
Light field imaging and future telepresence (Kevin Smith)
Q & A
A virtual patient (Neil Gesundheit)
A patient is represented on the screen in text, animation, or video, such that the learner can interact with it, ask questions, examine it visually or for heart and lung sounds, order tests and view the results, make diagnoses and select treatments. The learner may encounter far more variation of cases virtually than can occur in the real clinic.
Viewing real surgery remotely (Margaret Krebs)
Australian surgeons viewed surgery in real-time as it occurred in California. The surgical field was viewed in high-resolution stereo video (3D video) with two DVTS streams (30 Mbps each). An additional DVTS stream supported videoconferencing so that the surgeons could discuss details of the surgery with the chief surgeon.
Virtual cadavers (Steven Senger)
Cadavers are necessary for the entering medical student, for the resident practicing specialized surgery, and for the biomedical engineer testing the placement of a device. Access to cadavers is difficult to obtain, and in some countries it is impossible. Virtual cadavers are reconstructed from a volume of cross-sectional images and can present much more anatomic variation than is available in the dissection room.
Procedure simulators (Patricia Youngblood)
Minimally invasive surgery can be well-represented through surgical simulators. Networked surgical simulators will support telementoring of surgical trainees as well as collaborative action within a single surgical field. Simulators provide numerous opportunities for performance metrics, opening the possibility of quantitative objective assessment of surgical skill.
A 3D virtual hospital world using online game technology (W. LeRoy Heinrichs)
Today online videogame technology is being used to create medical environments. We have created Peninsula City with the Emergency Department of a hospital, as well as a high school, a bank, city blocks and streets. Online characters, avatars, are used for players to participate in online role-playing scenarios that prepare them for medical crises.
Light field imaging and future telepresence (Kevin Smith)
The 'real' and 'virtual' worlds can be mixed in an actual hospital to enable in situ simulation and training. Light field imaging and display takes us beyond viewing pairs of stereo images and essentially reconstructs the full 3D scene. Light field cameras can be used to recreate a complete operating room at a remote location. Similarly, microphone arrays can be used to reconstruct the 3D sound field. The full deployment of these technologies will require very high network bandwidths.

5. Thanks for your attention!
Thanks for your attention!