1. Secondary Survey – H.O.P.S.
Primary Survey
Establish Responsiveness/Consciousness: Tap & Shout
ABC’s = Airway, Breathing, Circulation
Rescue Breathing / CPR
How to Check Breathing: Look, Listen, and Feel for Breathing for 10 seconds
Secondary Survey – H.O.P.S.

2. H - History
Obtaining as much information about the injury as possible.
Understanding how the injury occurred and complaints of the athlete.
The examiner should: Be calm & reassuring, Listen carefully, Ask simple questions
Questions to ask:
What is the problem? How did it occur?
Has this happened before? When did it occur?
Was something heard or felt when it occurred?

3. O - Observation How does the athlete move? Is there a limp?
Is the body held stiffly to protect against pain? Facial expression?
Obvious deformity? Swelling?
Abnormal sounds? Inflammation? Warmth? Redness? Discoloration?

4. P - Physical Examination / Palpation
Feeling an Injury Site
Pain, Deformity, Swelling, Gaps
AROM= Active Range of Motion (Can they move it?)
Manual Muscle Testing = Manually testing their strength

5. S - Special Tests
Designed for almost every body region for detecting specific problems.
Determine Ligament Stability, Tightness, Circulation, Fracture, Etc.