1. Pro and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10) in rat model of neuroma 
Junad Khan, Noma Noboru, Andrew Young, Davis Thomas 
Pathophysiology 
Volume 24, Issue 3, Pages (September 2017)
DOI: /j.pathophys
Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

2. Fig. 1 Cross section of sciatic nerve.
Sections of a normal peripheral nerve show an orderly pattern of nerve fibers with scant intervening fibrous tissue, and a prominent epineurium (H & E, 40X). A zone of tissue edema with surrounding thickening of the epineurium can be seen, which is characteristic of a normal healing nerve.
Pathophysiology  , DOI: ( /j.pathophys )
Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

3. Fig. 2 Traumatic neuroma formation.
Traumatic Neuroma. There is a multidirectional proliferation of dense fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the nerve fibers and blends into the surrounding stroma (H & E, 100X). Intermediate power photomicrograph demonstrates extensive collagenization of the nerve with residual chronic inflammation. Features are pathognomonic of a traumatic neuroma.
Pathophysiology  , DOI: ( /j.pathophys )
Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

4. Fig. 3 TNF-α levels in Neuroma and Non Neuroma formation groups.
TNF α levels were significantly increased in both neuroma (23.46±1.4pg/mL/mg) and non-neuroma groups (17.942±1.818pg/mL/mg), compared to the sham group (1.26±0.14pg/mL/mg).
Pathophysiology  , DOI: ( /j.pathophys )
Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

5. Fig. 4 IL-6 levels in Neuroma and Non Neuroma formation groups.
IL-6 levels were significantly increased in both neuroma group (3,426.4±237.6pg/mL/mg) and non-neuroma groups ( ±78.6pg/mL/mg) compared to the sham groups (23.4±2.1pg/mL/mg).
Pathophysiology  , DOI: ( /j.pathophys )
Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

6. Fig. 5 IL-1β levels in Neuroma and Non Neuroma formation groups.
IL-1β levels, were significantly elevated in the neuroma group (509.2±118.5pg/mL/mg, p<0.05) compared to both the non-neuroma (49.4±9.6pg/mL/mg) and sham group (17.9±1.82pg/mL/mg).
Pathophysiology  , DOI: ( /j.pathophys )
Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

7. Fig. 6 IL-10 levels in Neuroma and Non Neuroma formation groups.
IL-10 levels were significantly elevated in the non-neuroma group (338.9±58.3pg/mL/mg, p<0.01) compared to the neuroma group (179.5±19.7pg/mL/mg).
Pathophysiology  , DOI: ( /j.pathophys )
Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions