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The Periodic Table Chapter 12
Grouping the Elements Section 2
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Reminder…
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Groups AKA Families Elements in each family have similar but not identical properties. For example, lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), and other members of family IA are all soft, white, shiny metals. All elements in a family have the same number of valence electrons. valence electrons – an electron that is found in the outermost shell of an atom and that determines and atom’s chemical properties
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Families of the Periodic Table
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Hydrogen sits on top of Group 1 gas at room temperature
BUT it is not a member of that family Hydrogen is in a class of its own gas at room temperature 1 proton, 1 electron, & only 1 energy level needs 2 electrons to fill up its valence shell
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Alkali Metals Group 1 have a single electron in their outermost level, in other words, 1 valence electron shiny have the consistency of clay easily cut with a knife
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Alkali Metals most reactive metals react violently with water
never found as free elements in nature - are always bonded with another element
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Alkaline Earth Metals Group 2 never found uncombined in nature
2 valence electrons
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Transition Metals Groups 3-12 good conductors of heat and electricity
1 or 2 valence electrons
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Rare Earth Elements below the Periodic Table
30 rare earth elements are composed of the lanthanide and actinide series types of transition metals lanthanide: shiny, reactive metals actinide: man-made metals
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Boron Family Group 13 named after the first element in the family
3 valence electrons includes a metalloid (boron), and the rest are metals. includes the most abundant metal in the earth’s crust (aluminum).
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Carbon Family Group 14 4 valence electrons.
includes a non-metal (carbon), metalloids, and metals carbon is called the “basis of life”
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Nitrogen Family Group 15 5 valence electrons
named after the element that makes up 78% of our atmosphere includes non-metals, metalloids, and metals.
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Oxygen Family Group 16 6 valence electrons
share electrons when forming compounds oxygen is the most abundant element in the earth’s crust
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Halogen Family Group 17 7 valence electrons
which explains why they are the most active non-metals need to gain 1 electron to fill their outermost energy level never found free in nature react with alkali metals to form salts
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Noble Gases Group 18 colorless gases that are extremely un-reactive
inactive because their outermost energy level is full all the noble gases are found in small amounts in the earth's atmosphere
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