2. Connecting Things
Data must travel from devices which are immersed in the urban environment toward information sinks, and vice versa.
Cellular Mobile
IoT Cellular
Multi – Tier networks

3. Connecting Things
Data must travel from devices which are immersed in the urban environment toward information sinks, and vice versa.
Cellular Mobile
IoT Cellular
Multi – Tier networks

4. Connecting Things
Data must travel from devices which are immersed in the urban environment toward information sinks, and vice versa.
Cellular Mobile
IoT Cellular
Multi – Tier networks

5. Connecting Things
Data must travel from devices which are immersed in the urban environment toward information sinks, and vice versa.
Cellular Mobile
IoT Cellular
Multi – Tier networks

6. Cellular Mobile for IoT
Legacy of Mobile Telecom stems in Human communication (calls/sms)
IoT calls for Machine-to-Machine communication (M2M or MTC)
More devices
Periodic access
or EXTREMELY urgent
low data rates

7. Cellular Mobile for IoT
GSM/GPRS and Edge Radio Access Networks (GERAN)
two complementary approaches to make GSM more efficient for M2M
an evolutionary
a clean-slate

8. Cellular Mobile for IoT
evolutionary
Maintain structure & compliance but
increase uplink capacity,
extend downlink coverage
Control and
data channels,
reduce power consumption
complexity of M2M devices

9. Cellular Mobile for IoT
Extended Coverage GSM (EC-GSM).
uplink: Frequency Division Multiple Access with Code Division Multiple Access,
Coverage extension: for blind repetition (higher receiving gains)
Other enhancements: new control messages (smaller payload sizes) a new lower power class.

10. Cellular Mobile for IoT
clean-slate
re-farming of the GSM spectrum to support a brand new narrowband air interface compatible with GSM channelization of 200 kHz
NarrowBand Cellular IoT (NB-CIoT)
Downlink: OFDMA
Uplink sub-channels are FDM
Channel bondin
Full-duplex operation

11. Cellular Mobile for IoT
LTE?
LTE Rel-11 has focused on RAN overload functionalities to handle the access of large numbers of M2M devices, and on device power differentiation.
LTE Rel-12 introduced low-cost M2M devices with reduced capability, Category 0 devices.
EPS – enhance power saving
DRX – discontinuous reception
LTE Rel-13 better response toM2M requirements leading to the so- called LTE forM2M

12. IoT-Dedicated Cellular Networks
reduced energy consumption
Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)
“global” reach
plug-and-play connectivity
Star topology around a BS

13. IoT-Dedicated Cellular Networks

14. LoRa WAN Frequency agnostic (can operate on ISM bands)
Key at PHY: CSS modulation
MAC: three operation modes
Class A operation (baseline - lowest power, end device requiring limited downlink communications from the base stations)
Uplink: ALOHA-like access
Downlink two short receiving time-windows which follow each uplink transmission.
ACK optional
Class B devices
same ALOHA-like access protocol for the uplink, plus:
additional receiving time windows with respect to class A devices.
periodically broadcast a beacon message to synchronize the field devices so that they can schedule in time the required additional receiving time- windows.
downlink multicast transmissions
Class C devices
same ALOHA-like access protocol for the uplink, plus
almost continuous receiving time windows.
multicast transmissions.

15. Multi-tier Architectures
Layered design
Things are used both to sense data and to form the network infrastructure, in a multi- hop/mesh fashion.
Data collected from such devices is then
generally forwarded to a central collection point (gateway, concentrator), which then
conveys such data to the Internet through other technologies.
multi-hop transmission is needed to compensate extremely low power consumption exhibited by such solutions
limited radio range may cause to use more devices than what is actually needed, just for ensuring connectivity.

16. Multi-tier Architectures

17. IEEE 802.15.4 specified for wireless personal area networks
Originally, DSSS modulation, allowing a data rate of 20, 40 and 250 kbps
Band dependent!
MAC: CSMA/CA
Zigbee
star, tree and mesh topologies, and two types of devices
Lower energy consumption
Secure communication
6LoWPAN
specifies a set of rules to apply the IP protocol to low-power devices for the Internet-of-Things. Clearly, such integration allows for easy interoperability with other types of IP-enabled devices (e.g., WiFi based) and the Internet. Mapping the IP network layer to the lowest layers requires several functionalities, all provided by 6LoWPAN: packet size adaptation, header compression, address resolution and management, routing and security.

18. BLE Bluetooth Low-Enegry
battery-powered devices for a long period of time.
GFSK modulation with rate data rate of 1 Mbps in the 2.4 GHz ISM band.
40 different channels are available (3 advertising channels (carefully chosen in order to minimize interference withWiFi) and 37 data channels).
The BLE protocol stack is tailored to easy integration with IPv6, supporting packet fragmentation and providing basic security primitives.
Only star topology (no mesh networks), therefore limiting its application to real- life scenarios. Recently,
Bluetooth SIG launched a study group to define an industry standard BLE mesh protocol. This should close the gap between BLE and mesh-capable protocols such asIEEE and Z-Wave.