1. The tree of Live “Evolves”
Kingdoms and Domains
The tree of Live “Evolves”

2. Changes in the classification system
New biological understanding lead to a more accurate classification system
Genes show important similarities at the molecular level
Linnaeu’s didn’t know about DNA
DNA from organisms can be sequenced and compared to show evolutionary relationships.

3. Molecular Clocks
DNA comparisons can be used to estimate how long 2 species have been evolving independently.
Mutations in the genes accumulate at different rates
The more similar mutations 2 species have the closer related they are

4. Effect on Classification
Scientist used to believe there were just 2 groups of living things: plants and animals
2 kingdom system doesn’t adequately represent diversity of life
6 kingdom system: Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia

5. Eubacteria Prokaryote Cell wall with peptidoglycan (extra outer layer)
Unicellular
Autotroph or Heterotroph

6. Archaebacteria Prokaryote Cell wall without peptidoglycan layer
Unicellular
Autotroph or Heterotroph

7. Protista Eukaryote Cell walls of cellulose in some
Some have chloroplasts
Most are unicellular
Autotroph or Heterotroph
Made up of organisms that cannot be classified elsewhere

8. Fungi Eukaryote Cell wall of chitin
Most are Multicellular (some unicellular)
Heterotrophs
Feed on dead or decaying matter
Secrete digestive enzymes to break down food

9. Plantae Eukaryote Cell wall of cellulose Chloroplasts Multicellular
Autotroph
Carry out photosynthesis
Non-motile (cannot move from place to place)

10. Animalia Eukaryote No cell wall Multicellular Heterotroph
Most can move (at least at some point in there life cycle)
Very diverse group
Species that exist in almost every part of the planet

11. 3 Domain System The domain is a more inclusive category than any other
Molecular clock analysis allows scientists to group organisms according to how long they have been evolving independently
3 Domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

12. Bacteria Includes all organisms in the Eubacteria kingdom
Unicellular/ Prokaryotes
Ecologically diverse
Free-living soil organisms
Parsites
Photosynthetic
Anaerobic
aerobic

13. Archaea Includes all organisms in the Archaebacteria kingdom
Unicellular/ Prokaryotes
Live in the most extreme environments
Volcanic hot springs
Brine pools
Black organic mud (NO oxygen)

14. Eukarya
Includes all organisms in the Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia kingdom
ALL organisms have cells with a nucleus (eukaryotes)

15. Animal Phyla

17. Porifera
Sessile organisms- live their entire adult life attached to a single spot
Multicellular, Heterotrophic, No cell walls, Have specialized cells
Filter feeders- sift microscopic food particles through the water
Produce toxins for protection

18. Cnidaria Soft-bodied Carnivorous- stinging tentacles
Cnidocytes: stinging cells

19. Cnidaria Radially symmetrical
Central mouth surrounded by tentacles
Life cycle includes 2 different looking stages

20. Cnidaria life cycle

22. Platyhelminthes Flatworms Bilateral symmetry
Can be free-living (marine)
Most are parasitic (tapeworms)
Able to regenerate

23. Nematoda Round worms Most are free-living Unsegmented worms
Can be parasitic
Unsegmented worms
Depend on diffusion for movement of materials into and out of the body

24. Annelida Earthworms Leeches Segmented bodies
Digestive tract that runs from the mouth to the anus
Muscle system that aids in movement

25. Molluska Clam, Muscle, Squid, Octopus Soft bodied
Usually protected by a hard
shell
Mollusks with out shell:
Reduced internal shell: Squid
Simple body plan: foot, mantle, shell, visceral mass

26. Molluska
Aquatic mollusks have gills
Land mollusks rely on diffusion

27. Arthropoda
Segmented bodies
Tough Exoskeleton
Jointed appendages

28. Echinoderm Spiny skin Internal skeleton Water vascular system
Suction cuplike structures called tube feet

29. Echinoderms Sea Urchins Sand dollars Brittle Stars Sea Cucumbers
Sea Stars (star fish)

30. Chordata Dorsal Hallow nerve cord (notochord) Pharyngeal pouches
Tail that extends beyond anus
Often the tail “disappears” during development