1. Animal Farm by George Orwell

2. George Orwell

3. Orwell Education and Career
born in Bengal, India
real name is Eric Blair
In 1904, moved back to England to begin their education
received a scholarship to study at Eton in Aldous Huxley (author of Brave New World) was one of his teachers.

4. Orwell Education and Career
At Eton, exposed to popular liberal and socialist ideas.
After graduating 1921, joined the Civil Service to work in Burma as a sergeant in the Indian Imperial Police.
quit in did not like being an instrument of oppression

5. Orwell Education and Career
After quitting the Civil Service, lived among the working-class people in Paris and the homeless in England
He wrote about these experiences in his first book, Down and Out in Paris and London (published in 1933).
adopted his pseudonym George Orwell.

6. Orwell Education and Career
Orwell from an English river near where he once lived, and George was typically English
worked as a teacher, and after he married, ran a village pub and the general store.
In 1936, became a socialist, and publisher encouraged him to write about oppressed people.

7. Spanish Civil WAr
went to Spain to write about their Civil War, and even to fight in it
wounded in his neck in battle by a sniper’s bullet, voice to become permanently altered
a horrifying glimpse of political reality

8. Disillusion with Revolution
revolutionary causes could become corrupt and evolve into totalitarianism (a kind of dictatorship)
Later in Russia, saw a powerful dictator-Joseph Stalin-come up through the revolutionary ranks and eventually oppress the people as badly as the Czar

9. Russian Revolution
based upon the events that occurred during and after The Russian Revolution of 1917.
Various historical figures are represented by different animals and events.
The ruling family at the time of the Revolution was the Romanovs.
The Czar was Nicholas II and his Czarina (wife) was Alexandra.

10. The Russian Imperial Family

11. Russian Revolution
Nicholas, the absolute sovereign of Russia, controlled every aspect of the government
By the early 1900’s, the writings of Karl Marx, increasing hardship, and the injustices of the czars inspired widespread revolt among working class.

12. Russian Revolution
1904 Prices of essential goods rose while wages declined by twenty percent.
When four workers were dismissed at the Putilov Iron Works, a priest named George Gapon called for industrial action.
Over the next few days more than110,000 workers in St. Petersburg went on strike.

13. Historical context Animal Farm
Gapon drew up a petition outlining the worker’s sufferings and demands.
Numerous aspects of the petition were based upon Karl Marx’s ideas.
Over 150,000 people signed the petition.

14. Russian Revolution
On January 22, 1905, Gapon led a large procession of workers to the Winter Palace to present the petition to Nicholas.
Nicholas had received word about their visit and decided to leave.
The guards that were surrounding the palace did not know how to handle the angry mob; the guards decided to open fire.

15. Russian Revolution
Over 100 workers were killed and over 300 were wounded in the incident.
people began to view Nicholas as a blood-thirsty tyrant.
revolts sprang up around Russia seeking retribution
laid the groundwork for the Russian Revolution.

16. Russian Revolution
On March 15, 1917, Czar Nicholas II was overthrown and later executed, along with his wife and five children.
A provisional government was set up to take over Russia.
Seven months later, the Bolsheviks (the majority), led by Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the provisional government.
This coup was known as the October Revolution.

17. Karl Marx

18. Marxism
Communism is an economic system where the basic idea is that everybody does jobs in which they excel, and everybody gets everything that they need.
Karl Marx , “Father of Modern Communism.”
theory of class struggle.
arranged his theories into a book,The Communist Manifesto.

19. Marxism divided people into two main classes:
Bourgeoisie: class of modern capitalists; the minority of people who own the means of production.
Proletariat: the modern working class at the lowest possible level to sustain health while providing wealth for the upper class.

20. Marxism
through revolution private property would cease to exist and that workers would break free from their metaphorical chains.
problem with this theory: once the upper class dissolved then the lower class would rise and take its place, and the cycle would start anew.
Without competition there would be no market; thus, modern industry would cease to exist.

21. Vladimir Lenin

22. Lenin did not agree with every aspect of Karl Marx’s philosophy.
comes up with his own theory known as Leninism.
believed that once the proletariat became the only class, then the State’s role should not disappear entirely, but instead should be led by a Vanguard Party.

23. Lenin
believed that this party needed to exist for quite some time to ensure protection of the ‘socialist state’ from its internal and external enemies.
policies were often more violent and sneaky than those of Marxist beliefs.
believed in the total liquidation of the bourgeoisie class, as well as anyone who stood in the way of his Marxist dreams.

24. Lenin
After the Russian Revolution of 1917, the first official socialist state was created with Lenin at the helm.
After his death in 1924, a power struggle emerged for control of the Communist Party.

25. Stalin vs. Trotsky
A power struggle soon emerged between Trotsky and Stalin with different factions
Trotsky was a strict Marxist and talented party organizer who had played an important role in the Russian Revolution.

26. Leon Trotsky

27. Stalin vs Trotsky
Trotsky believed that the only way a society could survive was through permanent revolution.
Stalin (secretary general of the Communist party)argued that a socialist state could and must first be created within Russia and that Russia would be the leader for the international proletariat.

28. Joseph Stalin

29. Stalin
ideas and practices quickly turned totalitarian. The power-hungry Stalin would not let anything stand in his way.
Totalitarianism is a form of government with a strong central rule that attempts to control individuals by means of coercion and repression.
eventually won the power struggle and had Trotsky exiled to Mexico where he is later killed by USSR agents.

30. Stalin
Stalin began several 5-year plans to stimulate the Russian economy, which actually decreased under his collective farming.
took the formal title of Premier in 1941, Stalin was an absolute dictator.
Any opposition to Stalin was subject to secret arrests, fake trials, forced labor camps, and mass executions.

31. Stalin
Estimates put the death rate in the neighborhood of 10-20,000,000.
took Russia from an agricultural to an industrial society.
His death in 1953 brought about a series of other Premiers who continued with the same oppression

32. Animal Farm In 1945, published Animal Farm,.
Orwell got the idea for Animal Farm from seeing a small boy driving a horse and whipping it whenever it tried to turn.

33. Animal Farm’s Purpose
To show how a whole nation could be enslaved, Orwell created his fable (a brief, often humorous, tale that presents a moral or message) about the animals on Manor Farm.
Orwell said that the book was the first “in which I tried, with full consciousness of what I was doing, to fuse political purpose and artistic purpose in one whole.”

34. Animal Farm Purpose
“It struck me,” said Orwell, “that if only such animals became aware of their strength, we should have no power over them, and that men exploit animals in much the same way as the rich exploit the proletariat (working class).”
Orwell disapproved of Britain’s privileged class and believed instead in the traditions and virtues of the working class.

35. Animal Farm Literary Forms
Animal Farm, which was published the year after World War II ended, is an anti-utopian novel which shows man at the mercy of a force he can not control.
Orwell wanted people to remember the errors of the past and learn from history’s mistakes.
Animal Farm is an allegory.

36. Animal Farm Literary Forms
Allegory : a story that can be read on two distinct levels. Characters and events in an allegory represent something else, and they are used by the writer to convey a moral or philosophical message.
Satire: uses ridicule to make certain people, events, or institutions appear foolish.
Irony: uses situational, verbal, and dramatic irony in Animal Farm.

37. Propaganda
any widespread promotion of particular ideas, doctrines, etc

38. Propaganda
Name Calling – giving an idea a bad label – is used to make us reject and condemn the idea without examining the evidence.
Glittering Generality – associating something with a “virtue word” (ex. freedom, democracy, motherhood, health, etc.) – is used to make us accept and approve the thing without examining the evidence.

39. Propaganda
Transfer – either carries the authority and prestige of something respected and revered over to something else in order to make the latter acceptable, or carries authority and disapproval to cause us to reject and disapprove something.

40. Propaganda
Testimonial – consists of having some respected or hated person say that something or someone is good or bad.
Plain Folks –the method by which a speaker attempts to convince his audience that he and his ideas are good because they are “of the people,” the “plain folks.”

41. Propaganda
Card Stacking – involves the selection and use of information in order to give the best or the worst possible case for an idea, program, person, or product.
Band Wagon – has as its theme, “everybody – at least all of us – is doing it”; the propagandist attempts to convince us that all members of a group to which we belong are accepting his program and that we must therefore follow our crowd and “jump on the band wagon.”

42. Propaganda
Flattery –uses compliments to compel the audience to agree with the propagandist.
Ex. You’re so smart, I’m sure you’ll realize that this product is the best one for you!

43. Propaganda
Prestige & Snob Appeal –the audience believes that they are part of the elite if they agree with the propagandist.
Ex. “Anyone who is anyone…” or “The best of the best…”

44. Propaganda
Pseudoscientific Jargon – The propagandist uses confusing (and sometimes false) terminology to convince the audience that he is believable.
Ex. The USDA has released a report stating that the amino acids found in lactic excretions in bovine mammals have corroded the cardiac artery of many consumers leading to massive lumbar failure.