1. Biology

2. Chapter 14 Bacteria I. Structure A. Prokayarotic
1. DNA – is arranged in a single circular chromosome.
2. Plasmids – small, circular piece of DNA found in some bacteria
3. Plasma Membrane – flexible outer boundary of the cell
4. Cell Wall – gives the cell its shape
5. Capsule – Protective layer surrounding the cell wall
a. Not found in all bacteria
b. Make the bacteria difficult to kill

3. 6. Flagella – long whip-like tails used in some bacteria.
a. Used for movement
7. Pili – short, hair-like structures involved in reproduction
II. Life Cycle
A. Reproduction – usually asexual
1. Some can reproduce every 20 minutes
a. Allows for massive population growth in a short period of time.
b. Limited by lack of food, waste build-up, and other environmental
factors

4. 2. Binary Fission – process in which the chromosome is replicated and the
cell divides.
a. Each cell is identical to the first.
3. Conjugation – sexual reproduction in which genetic material is passed
through cell to cell contact.
a. DNA is passed from one bacteria to another through pili that
connect the two bacteria.
b. Increases the genetic diversity
1) Greater chance of survival of environmental change.
a) Antibiotics, temperature, etc.
4. Transformation – process by which bacteria pick up and incorporate DNA
from dead bacterial cells.

5. B. Adaptations for Survival
1. Endospores – have a hard outer covering and are resistant to drying out,
extreme temperatures, and many chemical changes.
a. Produced under unfavorable conditions
b. Dormant stage of bacteria
c. Under favorable conditions, they break open and produce new bacteria

6. III. Classification of Monerans
A. Archaebacteria – group of monerans that are found in extreme habitats.
EX – acidic hot springs, volcanic vents, extremely salty water
1. Methanogens – live in oxygen-free environments and produce methane
a. Live in digestive tracts of cows(and other animals), swampy areas,
and sewage.
2. Thermophiles – live in extremely hot water(60 oC to 250 oC)
3. Halophiles – live in extremely salty conditions
B. Eubacteria – the “true” bacteria. Display a wide variety of habitats.

7. IV. Other Ways of Classification
A. Cell Shape – three basic shapes
1. Coccus – sphere shaped
a. diplococcus – joined in pairs
b. Streptococcus – joined in chains
c. Staphylococcus – joined in clusters
2. Bacillus – rod shaped
3. Spirillum – cell shaped like coiled rods or corkscrews
B. Cell Wall Composition
1. Gram Staining – organisms stained with a purple dye.
a. Gram-negative – the purple dye does not “stick”
1) Are more resistant to a number of antibiotics
b. Gram-positive – remaining purple after staining and are less
resistant to antibiotics

8. C. Nutrition
1. Heterotrophs - organism that cannot make its own food
a. Saprophyte – feed on dead or decaying organisms.
b. Parasites – live on or in an organism doing it harm.
2. Autotrophs – can make their own food
a. Cyanobacteria – capture light to make their own food
b. Chemoautotrophs – obtain energy from breaking down chemicals

9. D. Respiration
1. Aerobes – use oxygen to break down food
a. Found in well aerated soil or water
b. Found in the throat or lungs
1) Tuberculosis – infect the lungs
2. Anaerobes – can break down food in the absence of oxygen
a. Tetanus – causes lockjaw
1) Grows in deep puncture wounds
b. Botulism – food poisoning caused by bacteria
1) Usually found in canned goods.

10. V. Monerans in the Biosphere
A. Ecological Roles
1. Decomposers – breaks down dead or decaying material
a) Help to recycle carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and other chemicals
1) Essential for the continuation of life
B. Diseases caused by Bacteria
1. Lyme Disease – infection results from the bite of the deer tick.
a) Caused by the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi
b) Symptoms include headaches, fever, fatigue, joint problems, &
loss of some motor control.

11. a. Symptoms: sore throat, fever, sudden rash, slow healing wounds
2. Strep
a. Symptoms: sore throat, fever, sudden rash, slow healing wounds
3. Tetanus
Spasms and stiffness in your jaw muscles (trismus)
Stiffness of your neck muscles
Difficulty swallowing
Stiffness of your abdominal muscles
Painful body spasms lasting for several minutes, typically triggered by minor occurrences, such as a draft, loud noise, physical touch or light
C. Economic Importance
1. Foods
a. Bacteria fermentation results in such foods as vinegar, yogurt, butter,
cheese, etc.
2. Medicines – some strains are used to produce antibiotics
3. Agriculture
a. Nitrogen fixation – turn nitrogen into a usable form for plants
4. Environmental – can be used to rid the environment of harmful
substances such as oil spills and sewage wastes