1. Biochemistry
B-3.4
Summarize how the structure of organic molecules (including proteins, carbohydrates, and fats) are related to their caloric values
B-3.5
Summarize the functions of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats in the human body

2. Key Concepts Organic molecules (as listed in the indicator)
Caloric Value
Protein: amino acid
Carbohydrates: monosachharides
Fats (lipids): glycerol, fatty acids

3. Objectives
Distinguish between organic compounds and inorganic compounds.
Summarize how the structures of organic molecules are related to their relative caloric values.
Describe the bonding properties of carbon atoms.
Compare the functions of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and nucleic acids.

4. Vocabulary Words 1. Monomer 2. Polymer 3. Carbohydrate 4. Protein
5. Lipid
6. Nucleic acid
7. Fatty acid
8. Amino acid
9. Atom

5. All living things are based on atoms and their
interactions.

6. Think About This…
Why would a plant, like the Venus flytrap, need to consume animals if it already makes its own energy through photosynthesis?

7. The Answer
Not all the materials a plant needs to maintain homeostasis is received through photosynthesis. Many plants absorb additional nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen from the soil. The Venus flytrap grows in swampy areas where the soil is nutrient-poor. In order to get the additional nutrients it needs, it consumes animals by trapping them in their leaves. Once an animal touches the leaves, special cells allow the plant to snap shut (within 0.5 seconds) and trap the animal. Digestive chemicals allow the plant to consume the animal.

8. Important to Note
In order to fully understand how living things work as a whole, it is important to understand its parts. Much of what happens in biology, at a basic level, relates to chemistry.

9. Living things consist of atoms of different elements.
An atom is the smallest basic unit of matter.
An element is one type of atom. H O
Hydrogen atom (H)
Oxygen atom (O)

10. Atoms Atom Composed of protons, neutron, & electrons
Protons are positively charged (+)
Neutrons are neutral (no charge)
Electrons are negatively charged (-)

11. The nucleus has protons and neutrons.
An atom has a nucleus and electrons.
The nucleus has protons and neutrons.
Electrons are in energy levels outside nucleus.
Oxygen atom (O)
Nucleus: 8 protons (+) 8 neutrons
outermost energy level: 6 electrons (-)
inner energy level: 2 electrons (-)

12. Atoms
Protons and neutrons are held together by strong forces in the nucleus and the electrons are around the nucleus in the electron cloud.
Electrons are in constant motion around the nucleus and are attracted to the protons in it.
The # of protons (+) equals the # of electrons (-), so therefore atoms are neutral in overall charge.

13. Elements
Element
One particular type of atom
There are over 100 known elements and about 24 are found in living organisms.
Elements are either 1 or 2 letter symbols.
Periodic Table of Elements
Examples: Calcium (Ca), Hydrogen (H)
They are arranged by atomic number on the Periodic Table of Elements.

14. Elements Atomic # refers to the # of protons in the atom.
Mass # refers to the sum of protons and neutrons in the atom.

15. Chemical Compounds
In nature, most elements are found combined with other elements in compounds.
A chemical formula is how this relationship is shown
Examples: H2O (2 Hydrogen atoms & 1 Oxygen atom)
NaCl (1 Sodium atom & 1 Chlorine atom)
CO (1 Carbon atom & 2 Oxygen atoms)

16. O A compound is made of atoms of different elements bonded together.
water (H2O) O H _ +

17. A compound is made of atoms of different elements bonded together.
carbon dioxide (CO2)

18. Chemical Compounds
The chemical and physical properties of a chemical compound can be very different
Example: H2O Water is a liquid
Hydrogen alone is a gas
Oxygen alone is a gas O H _ +

19. Chemical Bonds Chemical bond 2 Main Types:
This bond formation involves the electrons (valence electrons).
2 Main Types:
Ionic bond
Covalent bond

20. Chemical Bonds Ionic Bonds (transferring electrons)
Remember that atoms are neutrally charged because #protons = #electrons.
An atom that loses an electron is positive.
An atom that gains an electron is negative.
Now the atom is an ion if it has lost/gained electron.
Example: NaCl (sodium chloride)

21. Ions form when atoms gain or lose electrons.
An ion is an atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons.
positive ions
negative ions
Ionic bonds form between oppositely charged ions.
Sodium atom (Na)
Chlorine atom (CI)
Sodium ion (Na+)
Chloride ion (CI-)
Na loses an electron to CI
ionic bond
gained electron

22. Atoms share pairs of electrons in covalent bonds.
A covalent bond forms when atoms share a pair of electrons.
multiple covalent bonds
diatomic molecules
covalent bonds
Oxygen atom (O)
Carbon atom (C)
Carbon dioxide (CO2 )

23. Chemical Bonds Covalent Bonds (sharing of electrons) Form a molecule
Share 2 electrons: single bond
Share 4 electrons: double bond
Share 6 electrons: triple bond
Example: H2O (water)

24. Carbon-Based Molecules
All organisms are composed of organic compounds, which contain carbon atoms.

25. Think…. Think about how a car is made. What features do all cars have?
What makes one car different from another car?
How does this compare to organisms?

26. Carbon: The Molecule of Life
Carbon is the building block of life.
The “molecule of life”
Carbon is the basis of most molecules in living things.

27. What is an Organic Compound?
Organic compounds have a carbon backbone.
Example: C6H12O6
Inorganic compounds may contain carbon put don’t have a carbon backbone.
Example: CO2

28. Carbon is a Versatile Atom
It has four electrons in an outer shell that holds eight
Carbon can share its electrons with other atoms to form up to four covalent bonds

29. Fundamental Structures
Carbon has three fundamental structures (figure 2.10):
Straight Chains
Branched Chains
Rings

30. Carbon can use its bonds to:
Attach to other carbons
Form an endless diversity of carbon skeletons

31. Shape of Organic Molecules
Each type of organic molecule has a unique three-dimensional shape
The shape determines its function in an organism

32. Giant Molecules - Polymers
Large molecules are called polymers
Polymers are built from smaller molecules called monomers
Biologists call them macromolecules

33. Macromolecules in Organisms
There are four categories of large molecules in cells:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

34. Examples of Polymers
Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids

35. Carbohydrates
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

36. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates include:
Small sugar molecules in soft drinks
Long starch molecules in pasta and potatoes

37. Types of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

38. Monosaccharides: Called simple sugars
Include glucose, fructose, & galactose
Have the same chemical, but different structural formulas
C6H12O6

39. Monosaccharides Glucose is found in sports drinks
Fructose is found in fruits
Honey contains both glucose & fructose
Galactose is called “milk sugar”

40. Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides are the main fuel that cells use for cellular work
ATP

41. Disaccharides A disaccharide is a double sugar
They’re made by joining two monosaccharides
Involves removing a water molecule (dehydration)

42. Disaccharides Sucrose (table sugar) Lactose (milk Sugar)
Common disaccharides include:
Sucrose (table sugar)
Lactose (milk Sugar)
Maltose (grain sugar)

43. Polysaccharides Starch is an example of a polysaccharide in plants
Plant cells store starch for energy
Potatoes and grains are major sources of starch in the human diet

44. Polysaccharides Glycogen is an example of a polysaccharide in animals
Animals store excess sugar in the form of glycogen
Glycogen is similar in structure to starch

45. Let’s Summarize CARBOHYDRATES
Contains:
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
Sugars and Starches
Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose)
Disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose)
Polysaccharides (cellulose, glycogen)
Main source of energy for cell.
Synthesized through photosynthesis and broken down through digestion & respiration

46. Lipids
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

47. Lipids Lipids are hydrophobic –”water fearing” Do NOT mix with water
Includes fats, waxes, steroids, & oils
FAT MOLECULE

48. Triglyceride Monomer of lipids
Composed of Glycerol & 3 fatty acid chains
Glycerol forms the “backbone” of the fat
Organic Alcohol

49. Function of Lipids
Fats store energy, help to insulate the body, and cushion and protect organs

50. Types of Fatty Acids
Unsaturated fatty acids double bond between carbons
Saturated fatty acids single bonds between carbons

51. Fats in Organisms
Most animal fats have a high proportion of saturated fatty acids & exist as solids at room temperature (butter, margarine, shortening)

52. Fats in Organisms
Most plant oils tend to be low in saturated fatty acids & exist as liquids at room temperature (oils)

53. Let’s Summarize LIPIDS
Contains:
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
Made of glycerols and fatty acids
Fats and Oils
Saturated (waxes, butter)
Unsaturated (olive oil)
Polyunsaturated (peanut oil, sesame oil, corn oil)
Cushion, insulation, organ protection, membrane structure, and energy

54. Proteins
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen

55. Proteins Proteins are polymers made of monomers called amino acids
All proteins are made of 20 different amino acids linked in different orders
Proteins are used to build cells, act as hormones & enzymes, and do much of the work in a cell

56. Four Types of Proteins
Storage
Structural
Contractile
Transport

57. Proteins as Enzymes
Many proteins act as biological catalysts or enzymes
Thousands of different enzymes exist in the body
Enzymes control the rate of chemical reactions by weakening bonds, thus lowering the amount of activation energy needed for the reaction

58. Let’s Summarize PROTEINS
Contains:
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
Made of amino acids (monomer)
Structural, Contractile, Transport, Storage
Enzymes are an example

59. Nucleic Acids
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphorous

60. Nucleic Acids Store hereditary information
Contain information for making all the body’s proteins
Two types exist:
DNA & RNA

62. DNA Two strands of DNA join together to form a double helix Base pair

63. Let’s Summarize NUCLEIC ACIDS
Contains
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorous
Nucleotides are the monomers
Stores and transmits genetic information
DNA and RNA